Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/374

HUNGABIAN LITERATURE. S-2-2 HUNGARY. of unusual powers and nonrliuliince in woikniiiu- ship, represenls uynibulisni liuud iu huud with the most uncoiupruniising rculism. Consult: Toldy, .1 muijyur nemzvti irodulom tiirtenete (.1 Denctiplion of the Salional Litera- ture of Hungary} (Budapest, 1851); the first volume, which deals with the inediieval |>criod, was translated into (.ieriiian (ih.. 1H(>.')) ; Dux, Alls Unyarn ( l.eipzij;. 1880); Sehwieker, tic- tnhichte der uni/tinsvlim Littcrtilur (lA'ipzig, 188!l) ; Neuu'nyi. Ua.t muderiie Liiyani (Berlin. 1883). Professor Beilthy, of the University of Budapest, is now preparinj,' a history of II un- ^'arian literature which is to be published in Gosse's Knjjlish series of l.ili-ralurvs of the urld. HUNGARIAN MILLET. See Fo.tail (Jka.ss. HUNGARIAN MUSIC. S.e M.t;YAii Ml sic. HUNGARIAN POLITICAL PARTIES. Sec roi.niC'.vL I'ABxits, i)aragraph on llunyary. HUNGARIAN VERSION. Sw Bihle. HUN'GARY, or, odicially. The Lakus of iiiK III M.AiiiA.N (How.N. A kingdom of Central Kurope. constituting one of the units in the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. It occupies a compact area of 12.5,03".» square miles, com|)ris- ing Hungary proper, with Transylvania and the crownlands of Croatia and Slavonia and Kiunie, which are united to Hungary, but have more or less independent administrations. The Lands of the Hungarian Crown are often designated as Translcitiiania, or the country beyond the Leitha. the Au-.trian half of the monarchy being called Cisleithunia, or the country on this side of the l-eitha, the Leitha being a snudl river which forms a part of the boundary between the two divisions. The Hungarian name of the coimtry is Magyarorszilg (pronoiuiced mod'yOr- 6r'sag), the "land of the Jlagjars' (Hungari- ans) ; the German name is Ungarn. The King- dom of Hungary, exclusive of Croatia and Sla- vonia. has the form of an oval with its longest axis lying east and west along the parallel of M')' N. It is encompassed for two-thirds of its ]H'rimeter by the broad curve of the Carpathian Alountains, which, bi'ginuing at the Danube a short distance below the Austro-Hungarian capi- tal, Vienna, extend northeast, then east, then southeast and south, and finally west, forming a great wall on the side of Moravia, Galicia, I?u- kowina, and Rumania. On the west Hungary proper borders on Lower Austria and Styria, and on the south, for a distance of almut 100 miles, on Servia. from which it is separated by the Daiuibe. Southwest of Hungary |)roper, and separated from it by the Drave and the Danube, la the dependent Kingdom of Croatia and Sla- vonia. a sreat part of whose southern boundary is formed by the Save, separating it from Bosnia and Servia. Croatia has a coast -line on tlic .Vdri- atic. and on an arm of this sea is Hungary's busy port of Fiume. TopofiRAi'iiv. The two great orographic fea- tures of Hungary are the Carpathians and the vast plains which they inclose in their broad sweep of about 800 miles, Croatia and Slavonia are traversed by the eastern offshoots of the Alps. The Carpathians spread out laterally in minor ranges, and a largi^ portion of Transylvania, in the extreme ea-t of the Kingdom, is covered by them. The loftiest portions of the Carpathians are the High Tfitra range in the north and the Transylvanian Alps in the southeast, which rise in peaks over 8(J00 feet above the sea. The culminating point of the High Tdtra is the Gerlsdorferspitze, 8737 feet. The Carpathians, ris- ing above their densely wooded lower slopes, pre- sent an imposing as|)ect, with their naked granite |H-aks, on whose summits but little snow rests through the winter. The great stretch of monot- onously level land in the central and southern parts of Hungary proper is divided into the Little Hungarian and the Great HuMgariai plains. The Little Hungarian I'lain (Ivis.Xl iiild) in the northwest comprises an area ol about 5001) S(|imre miles, with a mean elevation <il 150 feet. . portion of its surface is swampy, but for the most part it is exceedingly fertile. The Great Hungarian I'lain (.Mfdld), which is (he basis of Hungary's agricviltiral wealth, ami the I>rincipal seat of the .Magyar nationality, lies in the centre of the country between tin? Danulje and the northeastern higlilands. It covers an area of nearly 40.000 square miles, ami lies at an aver- age elevation of 325 f<'et above the sea. Us sur- face has a very gradual slope from north to south. Low hills of loess and sand, with deep, swampy hollows, lend the only a])pcaranee of relief. The surface is to a great extent tree- less. The soil, especially in the broad alluvial lands, is excee<linKly fertile. In spite of its monotony, the Alfiild, with its interminable cn pause, its boundless fields and wide-spreadin;.' villages, its great herds of cattle and droves of horses, and its picturesque types of peasants, herdsmen, and fishermen, is a region reiilele with interest for the traveler, and with poetical charm for its inhabitants. HYnKO(iRAriiT. The Danube receives the drain age of the entire country, except a small area in the north, which is diaincd into the Vistula. The course of the Danube from I'ressburg to Orsova measures nearly (100 miles, ami the river is navigable throughout. The principal tribu- tary from the north is the Theiss (Tisza). which 'traverses the Great Hungarian Plain, and the principal alliuent of which is (he Maros; from the west and south the Danube receives the Draw and the Save. There are two large lakes in Hungary, the Balaton (Platten See), with an area of over 400 square miles (including sub- merged marshes), and the Xeusiedler See or l-'ertii, 110 square miles, both lying in the west- ern part, south of the Danube. In the Carpa thians therfr arc many beautiful little lakes of great depth, to which the Hungarians apply the name tengerszeni. or 'eye of the sea.' Climate. Hungary may be divided into two main climatic belts, the highland belt form- ing the northern, eastern, and southeastern por- tions, and the lowlands oc(U|)yiiig the great central and southwestern parts. The winter, however, is severe throughout the countr>-. and i the highland region the temperature sometimes falls as low as —18° F., while in the lowlands it seldom falls below 5°. The summers are oppressively hot in the central lowlands, the Alfiild, where the mercury rises to 05° or even 105°. The rainfall differs considerably between the highlands and the lowlands, the annual precipitation in the former being 47 inches, and in the latter <mly half as much. The Alfiild suiters frefpienlly from prolonged droughts, but may at other times receive even excessive rains. Geouxiy and Mineral Resoubces. Hungary