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HUNGARY. 337 HUNG-WU. construction of public buildings, and the commer- cial cxjyansion of the country have elicited the ■wonderment of travelers. In ISUU the millennial anniversary of the coming of the Jlagjars was celebrated by a national exposition held at the capital. 15ibli(x;r.phy. Jukelfalussy, "Xationalitatsver- hiiltnisse der Lander der uugarischen Krone," in Peteniianns Mitteilungcn, ol.xxi. ( 1SS.5) ; Pul- szky, "L'eber die vorgeschichtliche Zeit Lngarns," in the Arcliii- fiir Anthropulo(/ic,vo.xx. (1891- 92) ; Eugel, (Jeschichte des ungarischen lieichs (Vienna, 1813-14); Mailath, Oeschichte der ilagyaren (2d ed., Regensburg. 1852-53) ; Sayous, Les origines et Vepotjae paienne de I'histoire des Eongrois (Paris, 1874) ; Szabad, Hunyary, Past and Present (Edinburgh, 1854) ; Leger, History of Austria-Hungary (trans, by Hill, Xew York, 1889). See -istria-Hlxgabt, and the authori- ties there referred to. HUNGARY WATER. A celebrated perfume or toilet water, the original receipt of which was given to a queen of Hungary by a hermit, in con- sequence of which it was called the "Queen of Hungarj- Aater.' subsequently abbreviated to ^Hungary Water.' HUNGER. .See Dice.stiox, Obgaxs of. HUNGERFORD, Mrs. iLvBGABET Wolfe (c.1855-97). An Irish novelist, known by her pseudouym The Duchess, though the majority of her books were published anonymously. She was born at Ross, County Cork, where her father, Fitzjohn Stannus Hamilton, was rector and vicar-ehoral of the cathedral. She was twice married — to Edward Argles and to Thomas H. Hungerford. The Duchess began to write in 1877, Phyllis appearing in that year, and her most successful novel. Holly Bairn, in 1S7S, and from that time to her death she published nearly thirty volumes of short stories and novels, which attained a remarkable popularity. They are sen- timental and melodramatic; tlie plot, conven- tional ; but the reproduction of the general air and small chatter of society, very truly done. HUNG-SIU-TS'EUEN, hnng'se-cR>'chwen, or HUNG-HSIU-CHUAN (1812-64). A Hakka schoolmaster who originated and was the leader of the Tai-ping Rebellion ( 1850-64) . He was bom in a small village, about 30 miles from the city of Canton, in 1812; attended school from 7 to"l6; became village schoolmaster, continued his own studies and passed all the examinations prelimi- nary to that for the first degree, but failed again and again in the competition for thedegree. Hewas subject to frequent illnesses, and in one attack, in 1837. is said to have lain in a trance for nearly forty days, during which he had' a religious vision which profoundly impressed him. A few years later a friend found in Uung's bookcase some Christian books and tracts which Hung had obtained in Canton in 183.S. The two began to study tlum, and Hung found in them the key to jiis visions, and was thereby inspired to destroy idols. They became converted. ba])tizcd each other, and began to preach. Hung set out for Kwang-si to convert the aborigines there, but lack of ac- quaintance with their language made the work difhcult. He met others, however, who gladly accepted his teaching and themselves became zeal- ous propagandists. About this time he joined a society of 'God-worshipers.' which had been formed in 1836, and soon became supreme in it In 1845 he returned to his own province, made many converts, and in 1846 visited a Protestant missionary in Canton, and studied the Scriptures with him for two months, but was refused bap- tism, because the request was accompanied with an application for a monthly stipend. He re- . turned to Kwang-si, and his disciples, mostly per- sons disatfected to the reigning dynasty, began to destroy temples and to demolish idols. In July, 1850; Hung and his followers, who were now nu- merous, broke out into open rebellion. At first Hung had styled himself the 'Urother of Christ'; he now became the "Heavenly King" (T'ien Wang), and adopted the style of 'Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace' (Tai-ping Kw-oh) as that of the empire he was about to establish. He made Nan- king his headquarters until 1864, writing Chris- tian books, issuing edicts to his followers, attend- ing to the printing and circulation of the Bible and other works, and directing the movements of his numerous generals and their immense ar- mies. On June 30, 1804. seeing the Imperial ar- mies closing in on him and realizing that he could not hold out much longer, he poisoned him- self. His body was later found and burned. ( See Chinese Empire.) Consult: Meadows. The Chinese and Their Rebellions (London, 1850); Williams, The Middle Kingdom (Xew York, 1883 I : an d Ma yer's Chinese Header's Manual. HUNG- WU,'h ling' w"oo'. The name given to the period of years (1308-98) during whic'i Chu Y^uan-Chang.the founder of the Chinese dynasty of Ming (1368-1644)., reigned, and commonly trans- ferred by Europeans to the Emperor himself. He was a native of the Province of Xgan-hwei. and was bom in 1328, the second son of a poor lalwrer. At 17 Chu entered a monastery as a novice, but in the troubles of the times this was burned down by rebels under the command of a maternal uncle of his. whose forces he joined. He was given a small command, scored victorj" after vic- tory; and in 13.55, on the death of his uncle, he was offered the post of assistant generalissimo. Declining this offer, he recovered from the Mon- gols, then the ruling dynasty, the whole left bank of the Yang-tse, and proclaimed himself Prince of Wu. Within two years he had become master of Kiang-si and part of Che-kiang; sent his gen- erals north in 13f!7. in 1308 mounted the throne as Hung-wu, called his dynasty the Ming, or "Illustrious,' and made his capital at the city which has since been known as Xanking. 'the southern capital.' In the same year he recovered the provinces of Fuh-kien, the two Kwang, and Shan-si, and brought Shen-si under his sway in 1369. In the following year the last Mongol Emperor died, the d^-nasty founded by Kublai Khan came to an inglorious end. and China was once more free from the yoke of aliens. In 1371 Nze-chuen and Liao-tung fell before him, and Yunnan in 1381. Hung-wu proved an able administrator, and be- came a liberal patron of education and of litera- ture. He organized the present system of literary examinations, established a new i)enal code, abol- ished mutilation as a punishment, regulated taxes and placed the coinage on a proper basis, made Huddhism and Taoism State religions, and pro- hibited eunuchs from holding oflicc. He also re- established the customs of the T'ang dynasty (618-907) and labored for the welfare of his people. He had 24 son*, all of whom became