Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/41

HERWARTH VON BITTENFELD. HERZEN. the Guarils. During the war with IJeiiiiiark in 18t)4 lie acquired fame tlirough his daring cross- ing ol the .Sound and capture of the isle of Alsen. In the campaign of l8titi lie was in command of the right wing of the army which advanced into lioheniia. IK' l)ore the brunt of the lighting at lliihnerwasser and Miinchengriitz, and eontrihut- od materially to the victory of Sadowa. On the <iuthreak of the war of 1870 he was appointed tiovcrnor of the Rhenish Provinces, and in the next year lie was raised to the rank of general- (ield-niarshal. HERWEGH, her'vaK. Georg (1817-75). A German poet. He was born at Stuttgart; was educated there and at ilaiilbronn, forsook theol- ogy, which he had begun to study, for literature, and returned to Stuttgart, where he cooperated in Iji'wald's Enropa. In 1841 he was living in Switzerland and published (ledichte eincs Ltbcn- ilhicii (last cd. 1800), political poetry full of the unrest, the dissatisfaction with the existing conditions, and the uncertainty as to what should take its i)lace, that marked the period. These fcrent ell'usions became iniinonsely popular, so that when, after a short trip to Paris, Hcrwegh journeyed through Germany in 1842, lie was greeted with enthusiasm everywhere. King Friedrich Wilhelni IV. gave him an audience, and assured him that he liked nothing bettor than an energetic opposition. But the young man overstepped all the bounds of conven- tionality in a letter to the King, and was hurried out of Prussia. At Zurich he found no pleasant reception, and he took up his abode in Paris, and wrote a second volume of Gedichte fines Lcbcndiijen (1844). In this his republican tendencies were more plain than ever, but his inspiration seemed weaker. He translated all of Lamaiiine into German (1843-44). .fter the Itcvohition of February, 1848, Herwegh made several attempts* to carry out his republican ideas by invading Baden at the head of a legion of German and French workingmen, but was defeat- ■ed by the Wiirttembeig troops, and escaped only through the bravery of his wife. Thereafter he lived in retirement in Paris, and later in Ziirich and at Lichtenthal, near Baden-Baden. The most iiii])ortant work of his later years was the trans- lation of many of Shakespeare's plays. Consult Marcel Herwegh, Briefe von und an Georg Eer- vctih (Zurich, 189C). HERZ, herts, Hknri (1800-88). A French jiianist. born in Vienna. He studied music under iliinten at Coblenz and at the Paris Conserva- tory, where he won first prize for ]>iano-playing. He made a number of tours which were highly suceessful : in Germany, with the violinist Lafimt (1831); in London, appearing with ^Moscheles and Cramer (1834) : in the T'nited States, Mex- ico, and the West Indies ( 184r)-.")l ) . From 1842 to 1874 he was professor of pian<)-|)laying at the Paris Coiii^crvatory. lie fcninded a piano factory, and in 18.").i his instruments received first prize at the Paris Exhibition. Herz's compositions were confessedly written to eatch the popular fancy, and, though they sueeeodod. liav» little permanent value. His best works were Eliidrx, and exercises for the piano. He published Mcs fni/aqrx r» Anu'riqur (1800), a series of letters describing his American tour. HERZ, Henrtettk (1704-1R471. A Gernmn woman, distinguished for her rare beauty and Vol X.— ,"!. cultivation, as well as by her relation.s to many of the most distinguished men of her time. She was born in Berlin, the daughter of a Jewish physician, Benjamin de Lanios, and at fifteen yeais of age became the wife of Markus Herz, a rich and elderly physician. Her home l)ecanie the centre of the literary life of Berlin, and such men as the Uumboldts, Friedrich and August Wilhelm Schlegel, Fichte. Varnhagen von Fnse and his wife Rachel, Schlcierraaeher, and Biirne were her intimate friends. She was left a widow in 1803, and became a Christian in 1817. Con- sult Fiirst, Uenriette Herz: Ihr Leben und ihre Erinneriingcn (Berlin, 1850). HERZEGOVINA, her'tsa-gfi-ve'ni. The smaller of the two Ottoman provinces occupied by Austria-Hungary, in accordance with the treaty of 1878 (Map: Austria-Hungary, F 5). It forms part of Bosnia in the wider sense. It is bounded by Bosnia proper on the north, by Montenegro on the east, and Dalinatia on the southwest. Its area is 3530 square miles. In the formation of its surface it resembles Bosnia (q.v.). It is generally somewhat barren, and is mountainous, having a number of i)caks exceed- ing 7000 feet in height, the highest being the Maglie on the eastern boundary, which rises about 7850 feet above the sea. The eastern part is especially barren and rocky, in contrast with the part adjoining Bosnia and Dalniatia, which is fertile, and invites the cultivation of the vine, to- bacco, and southern fruits. In this latter district is found the largest river, the Narenta, whose valley forms the characteristic feature of the re- gion. Administratively Herzegovina is a de- pendency of l?osnia. and forms (within reduced limits) the district of Mostar. There are no official figures for the population. Imt its num- ber may be set down at approximately 200,000. The great bulk of the inhabitants are Slavs. The largest town is Mostar (q.v.), which is connected by rail with Serajevo, the Bosnian capital. Herzegovina was originally a part of Dalmatia and was occupied by a Slavic population in the seventh century. The most imiiortant of the medieval principalities of the region was that of Zachliim or Chulm. which in the fourteenth century was annexed to Bosnia. Regaining its independence. Herzegovina was erected into a dukedom by the Emperor Frederick III. in 1440. (Hence the name Herzegovina, from Ger. Hersog, Slav, hcrecfi. duke.) About 1463 the country became tributary to the Turks, and twenty years later was completely siibjeet to them, remaining for more than two centuries afterwards a battle- field between Christians and Jlohanimedans. In 1875 a serious insurrection, arising from the Turkish oppression of its Christian inhabitants, broke out in Herzegovina, which rapidly spread into Bosnia, and was supported by Montenegro and Servia. This ultimately led to the war of 1877-78 between Russia and Turkey. The Berlin Congress of 1878 determined that Herzegovina, like Bosnia, should be occupied by Austria-Hun- gary. The Mohammedan inhabitants rose against the Austrian army of occupation, and were sub- dued only after a desperate resistance. The introduction of a new recruiting law was the occasion for an insurrection in 1881-82. The Aus- tro-Hungarian Government has done much to promote the welfare of the region. See BosxiA. HERZEN, hertsVn. At.exanokr Ivaxovitok ( 1812-70) . A Russian publicist and author, born