Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/460

HYMNOLOGY. 398 HYMNOLOGY. poetical translation of the Psalms by Clement Marot (d. 1544) and Theodore IJeza (d. 1605); the IJernian Keforniod hyuni-liook of 1540 pub- lished at Ziirieh ; and the Cieiievan Psalter of Calvin of 1502. In England the Kefonners issued Miles Coverdale's (Jouslty I'miliiics and Spiritu- alle tionffcn (London, 153!)); Kobert Crowley's vcrsitication of the Psalter and Litany (1549); and, last and most famous of all, the rendering of the Psalms by Thomas 8ternhold and John Hopkins (1,5(50). The time of the Thirty Years' War was marked by the production of many fine Cierman hymns of a more or less martial character. The i)rin- cipal composers were Martin Opitz (1597-1039) ; Johann llcermann (1585-1647) ; Johann Michael Altenburg (1584-1040), who composed part of the battle livmn of C;usta%Tis Adolphus, "Pear not, O little tlock, the foe;" Paul Fleming (1609- 40), author of the I'il<irim Bijiiin, beginning "In all my deeds;" and Martin Riiikart (158G-1649), who composed the German Te Dcum .V«a dankel allc Gott ("Now thank we all our God"), Germany continued to produce gi-eat hymns and liymn-writers after this period. Paul Gcr- hardt (1007-70) wrote one hundred and twenty- three hymns. Many have been translated into English, and some are in common use. Probably the most familiar is "O sacred head once wounded," translated by John Wesley. Johann Franck (1018-77), burgomaster of Guben, an- ticipated the Pietists in his mysticism as shown in his hymns. Johann Rist (1607-77) produced 610 hymns, a few having merit. .Tohann Schef- tler, known as 'Angelus Silesius' ( 1624-77) , was a writer of force, and some of his hynms are yet used. All the hymns of the period are somewhat mystical in their teachings. Pietism was a reaction against Protestant Scholasticism, and swung to the other e.treme of Mysticism. The leaders of the movement, Philipp .Jacob Spener (1635-1705), and August Hermann Francke (1663-1727). wrote a few hymns. Christian Friedrich Richter (1670- 1711) wrote thirty-three hymns. .Tohann Anas- tasius Freylinghausen (1670-1739) wrote a few hymns, and published the first hymn-book of the movement at Halle in 1704. Gottfried Arnold (1666-1714), the Church historian, wrote several hymns of value. .Joachim Lange (1670-1744), a friend of Francke, wrote the morning hymn, Jcsii, xii/uvs lAcht ("O Jesus, sweet light"). .Tohann Friedrich Starck (1680-1756) of Frank- fort wrote 939 hymns. Karl Hcinrich Bogatzslcy (1090-1774) wrote hymns, as well as devotional works. I'hilipp l-'riedrich Hiller (1699-1769) of Wiirttenil)erg wrote many hymns. The Moravian Church has produced many fine hymns, some of which have been translated by .John Wesley, Miss Catherine Winkworth, and others. Count Nico- laus Ludwig Zinzendorf (1700-60) produced 2000 hymns. ".Tesus, Thy blood and righteousness," and "I thirst, thou wounded lamb of God," have been favorite translations from liis hymns. Bishop August Gottlieb Spangenberg (1704-92) wrote ten hymns. That on Christian simplicity, begin- ning "Holy simplicity, miracle of grace," written as a birthday hymn for his sister, is considered his best. Christian Gregnr (1723-lSOl) compiled the Moravian hymn-book of 1778, published at Barby, still in use. To this he contributed sev- eral hj-mns. The inspiration of the hymnology of the Evangelical Revival in England can be traced directly to the ^loravian Brethren. To this period belong a few other hymn-writers of note, such as Joachim Neandor ( l(>50-80), some- times called the 'Psalmist of the New Covenant,' and Friedrich Adolph Lampe (1683-1729), the author of thirty hynms. Gerhard Tersteegen (1697-1769), a ribbon-weaver, produced one hun- dred and eleven. hynms, some of which are worthy to be placed in the first rank. From the writers of this school wc have the first introspective hymns of value. The hynms of the Evangelical Revival are not by any iiic ms the first great hymns produced in lingland. The Elizabethan period produced the hymn by F. B. P. (the initials may stand for Francis Baker, pater, i.e. priest), "Jerusalem, my happy home," translated from the Latin: also the first English hymn-book. This was by George Wither, and was published in London in 1623. The Puritans produced as hvnin-writers, Robert Herrick (1591-1674); John" Milton (1608-74); Henry Vaughan (1622-95); and Jeremy Taylor (1613-67). In the Restoration period Samuel Grossman published The Youtt'i Man's Mcdita- lion (1604), which contains several hymns, a good specimen of which can be sei'n in Lord Scl- borne's (Sir Roundell Palmer) Hook of I'raine (1863). Henry More in his Dicine Dialogues (1068) publislied seven long hymns on the fes- tivals of the Church. But the greatest lyric poet of the period was Thomas Ken (1037-1711), the good Bishop of Bath and Wells. His evening, morning, and midnight hymns stand at the heail of all worship poetry of the English language. The first two have never been surpassed, and hardly approached. Joseph Addison, his con- temporary, furnished a few hymns of an exalted character. In 1083 John Mason published Hongs of Praise, a h.vmn-book whidi went through many editions. Benjamin Keach published Spiritual Melody (1691), the first Baptist hymn-book. Among Independents the first hymn-book used was .4 CoUeclion of Divine Hymns (1690). The metrical version of the Psalms by Sternliold and Hopkins was followed by that of Francis Rouse (1040), and that in turn by Nahum Tate and Nicholas Brady (1690), which exerted a great induence. The tendency, however, came to be less and less to base hymns on the Hebrew Psalter for a whole hymn-book. A preparation for the work of Isaac Watts (1674-1748), sometimes called the 'father of English hymnody,' was thus made. His hymns have been more widely sung than those of any other English writer, with the possible exception of Charles Wesley. His first work, IJorcc Lyriccc, appeared in 1700; Hymns and Spiritual Songs in 1707. Besides these ho published Divine and Moral Songs far Children (1720). long extremely popular. To the school of Watts belongs Philip Doddridge (1702-51). His hymns were almost all written to follow ser- mons, reenforeing the truth which had been preached. The Wesley family, and the men who gathered about them, both in and out of the Church of England, were prolific writers, and produced some of the best hymns in the history of the Church. Samuel Wesley (1602-1735) was no mean poet. His son, John (1703-91), trans- lated several hymns, and mended many more. Samuel, Jr. (1691-1739). wrote some hymns. To Charles (1707-88). however, we must turn as the leader of the lyrical forces of the Evangeli- cal Revival. He wrote over 6000 hymns. Out