Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/482

IBLIS. 420 IBN JANACH. the former is used, whereas the latter occurs only in the singular, and was rcfjarded by Mo- liaiiinied as a nanie fur a s|n'cilk' devil, the arch devil spirit; iShaitan, buth in the Koran and the later literature, is used as a {general designation for devils or evilly disposed demons. On the basis of the utterances in the Koran, the doctrine of the Devil is further developed in Mohammedan theolog}-, influenced by the specilieally Christian and .Jewish conceptions current in the Orient whereby the Devil, as a sin^'le personage. usui]>s the powers and at- tributes of the numerous body of jinns (q.v. ) of popular belief. The latter, however, as a survival of primitive religion, continue to hold sway among the people in general, so that in the folklore of the Arabs it is the jinns who are constantly introduced, both for goo(l and evil pur- goses. whereas the mention of ibiis and of the _atans Is largely eonfincd to the body of theologi- cal writings. In the latter the contrast between the Uevil and the angels is prominently put for- vard. and the view is expressed that eaeli in- dividual has a devil and an angel appointed as his companions, the former tempting him to evil deeds, the latter prompting him to good. The life of man passes in a constant struggle to be rid of the former and to keep close to the latter. Consult Weil, liiblische Legenden der M usetm-iiyi- ncr (Frankfort, 1845). IBN ABI XTSEIBIA, ib'n ii'bf olisa'bf-A, MiwAFFAK AD l)i. ( e. 1 1 95-1269 ) . An Arabic physician and author, lie was born in Cairo, of a family of physicians: lived in Kgj-pt and Syria, and was educated at Damascus (1227-3.3). For two years he was head of a hospital at Da- mascus, then became Court doctor to a Syrian emir. He is best known for his biographical lexicon of Mohanunedan physicians, which has been edited by August jMiilier( Kiinigsberg, 1884). and connnented on by the same in Uehcr Ibn Abi und seine flcschiehte der Aerzte (I^yden, 1885). Consult: Wiistenfeld, GescAic/ife rfcr "arafc- ischen Acr:te tiiid Xalurfor.ichrr (Giittingen, 1840) ; Leclerc, llistoire de la mrdccine arabe (Paris, 1876) ; Travaux de la Vlime session du Conffres international des Orientalistes d Leide, vol. ii. (Leyden, 1884). IBN AL-ATHIB, Ib'n al-i-ter'. Izzad-Din ai.-Jazari (11601230). An Arabic historian, who was born of good family in Mesopotamia, and lived in Mosul. He wrote Kftmil, a history of the world to the year 1231. edited by Tornber'g under the title Ibn-el-Athiri Chronicon quod Per- fectissimum Inscribitur (18.51-76) ; Usd /ilfihdba. on the successors of Mohammed (1864); and a lexicon, edited by Seybold (Weimar, 1896). Excerpts from bis other works may be found in Reinaiul. Ilistoriens des croisades (Paris, 1829). IBN ARABSHAH, ib'n a'rAbsh-l', Ahmed ( 13SS-14.iO|. An Arabic author, born at Da- mascus. He was carried captive with his family ( 1400) to Samarkand, after the invasion of Syria by Timur: took advantage of this opportimity to study Tirkish and Persian; traveled through Mongolia and Astrakhan; and at .Xdrianople was employed by the Sultan to translate .rabian writings into Turkish and Persian. The most important of his works is the biosrraphy of Timur or Tamerlane (last ed.. Caloitta, 1818). The book of anecdotes written by him has been published by Freytag, with a Latin translation, under the title Fructus Imperulorum tt Jucalio ^ JiK/oiiusurum (Bonn, 1832-52). IBN BADJA, ib'n b;i'jii. Sec Avemi-ace. IBN BATUTA, Ib'n bft-toTI'tA, Aliu AliDALLAU MoilA.iMEU ( 13U4-77). An Arabic traveler. He was born at Tangier, Alorocco, and spent many years in traversing Western and Central -Asia, large jmrtions of Africa. Russia, India, China, and Spain, For three and one-half years he acted as cadi at Delhi and in the Maldive Islands. After his travels he settled in Morocco. His nar- rative of uis journeys, replete with graphic and picturesque description, has been published in the French translation by Defrf-mery and Sanguinelti (Paris, 2d cd. 1874-77). There is an Knglish translation from an epitomized version by S. Lee (1829). IBN DOBEXD, Ib'n dA-rfi'M, Moiiammeb (838-93.'5), An Arabic poet and scholar, Inirn at ]5asra. and later resident in Oman, Persia, and iJagdad. His most famous poem is the elegy entitled Alkasida-al-Muksura, dealing with the question of good luck and bad. Among his phil- ological works may be mentioned an etymological and genealogical dictionary of Arabic proper names, edited by Wiistenfcld (1853-54), and two briefer studies in lexicography, edited by Thor- becke (1882). IBN HISHAM, Ib'n hJ>-shani', Abu Moiiam- MEO .i!!) Ai. Mai.ik (e. 760-833). An Arabic scholar of liasra. He is famed for his genealog- ical writings and his revisiun of the life of the Prophet Moliammed, written by ll)n Ishak (c.700- 768). The biography was edited by WUslenfeld (Gottingcn, 1858-60), and translated into Ger- man by Weil as /<as Lebcn ilohammeds (1864). IBN JANACH, eb'n lli-nach'. AlULWALlo Mebwan", or .Jonah Mabinl's. A Jewish gram- marian of Spain. He was born near the end of the tenth century and died about the middle of the eleventh century, but the exact dates are unknown. He studied Hebrew at his birth- ])lace, Cordova, and in Lucena, under .Jewish teachers, and also took up the study of medi- cine. In 1012, in consequence of political dis- turbances, he was obliged, with many other Jews, to leave Cordova and settled in Sara- gossa, where he appears to have spent the rest of his days, and where, while continuing his jiractice of medicine, he devoted himself also to the investigation of Hebrew grammar, guided largely by the researches of his predecessor, Hayyug (q.v.), Ibn Janach was enabled to ad- vance the knowledge of Hebrew morphology far beyond the point that Hayyug had reached. He did not hesitate to make slight changes in the biblical text where it seemed to be meaningless as it stood. His main work consists of two parts, the first dealing with granunar, Killib-al- Lnmn. published by J. Derenbourg (Paris. 1886) ; (he second a lexicon. Kiti'th-nl-'Usfil. published by Xeubauer (Oxford. 1873-75). The grammar, based on Arabic models, is the first sj'stematic attempt to cover (he entire field of Hebrew gram- mar. The dictionary is characterized by the same comprehensive knowledge and clear per- ception as the grammar, and, incidental to the explanation of words, furnishes valuable and elaborate discussion of grammatical points. Roth the crrammar and the dietionarv were translated by Judah ben .Saul Ion Tibbon (c.1120-1190),