Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/485

IBYCUS. 423 ICE. B.C., born at Ehegium in Italy. He lived the life of a wandering minstrel, and passed some time at the Court of Polyerates, the tyrant of Samos. The story of his death near Corinth, and the de- tection of his murderers by means of a floci£ of cranes, which has been so beautifully told by Schiller in Die Kraniche des Ibykus, is based on a similarity between the name of the poet and the Greek i.iif, 'a crane.' Of his poems, which were mostly of an erotic character, only frag- ments have been preserved. These are published by Schneidewin, Ibyci Rhegini Carminum Reli- quice (Gijttingen, 1833) ; and in Bergk, Poetw J.yrici (Irceci, iii. ( Leipzig, 1882 ) . ICA, e'ka. A maritime department of Peru, bounded by the departments of Lima and Huan- cavelioa on the north, Ayacucho on the east, Arequipa on the southeast, and the Pacific on the southwest (Map: Peru, B 6). Area, 8718 square miles. The surface is of varied formation. The eastern part is mountainous, the western is lower and traversed by ridges of low hills. The climate is hot and dry, and the soil, with the exception of the valleys, is thin. The vine and sugar-cane are cultivated extensively; corn, cotton, and indigo are also raised. The popula- tion was officially estimated, in 1890, at 90,962. Capital, lea. ICA. The capital of the Peruvian department of the same name, situated on the river lea. 40 miles by rail from Pi.sco on the coast (Map: Peru, BO). It manufactures wine and brandy. It was founded in 1563. and has suffered greatly from earthquakes. Population, estimated at 10,000. I5A, e-sa', or PXJTTJMAYO, poa'too-m-l'yd. An important tributary of the Amazon. It rises in the Colombian Andes, and flows southeasterly in a very tortuous course, joining the Amazon near San Antonio in the Brazilian State of Ama- zonas (Map: Brazil. D 4). Its total length is about 1000 miles, and it is navigable during the rainy season for nearly 900 miles. The region through which it flows is very sparsely in- habited and covered mostly with thick forests, so that at present the commercial value of the river is unimportant. The Ic& was partly ex- plored in 1878-79. ICAKIA, i-ka'rI-4 (Lat., from Gk. 'Uapia, Ih-uriaj. A deme of Attica, where excavations were carried on by the American School at Athens in 1888, when many interesting remains were found. Icaria is noted as the birthplace of Tlicspis. and as the spot to which legend as- signs the introduction of wine-making and of the cult of Dionysus by the god himself. ICARIA. An island of the .^gean. See Nl- CARI.. ICARIANS. Slembers of a communistic so- ciety, founded by Cabot (q.v.) to realize the ideals set forth in his romance Ventage en Icarie. During the years preceding the Revolution of 1848 comniunistie dortrines had a wide follow- ing in France; and when, in 1S47. Cabet an- nounred the acquisition of land in Texas, a large number of persons agreed to emigrate with him to found a settlement there. In 1848 sixty-nine persons set out for the colony, hut were unable to endure the climate, and returned after a few months to New Orleans, where they were joined by Cabct with 400 more. Early the following year Cabet, with about 300 followers, emigrated to Nauvoo, 111., then recently deserted by the ilomions, where the colony was moderately pros- perous for a few years, undertaking agriculture ^s well as trades and manufactures. Di.ssensions arose, and in 1856 Cabet was expelled together with those members of the community who sup- ported him. In 1800 financial diiTiculties ren- dered it necessary for the remaining Icarians to abandon Nauvoo, and thirty-five of them founded a new settlement in western Iowa. For twenty years they grew in wealth and numbers; but in 1880 the community split into two factions, the Young and the Old Party. The former soon broke up; the latter existed until 1895, when it, too, was dissolved. In 1881 a few members of the Iowa community went to California, where they established Icaria Speranza, a society, how- ever, more like a business corporation than a communistic settlement. The organization of the Icarian communities was democratic. Directors were elected, but they could only execute the orders of the whole body. The members lived in little houses around a central hall where they took their meals in com- mon. They were sociable in their habits, took great pains to educate their children, and were remarkable for their thrift, industry, and the good order they maintained. Excluding the purely religious communists, the Icarian set- tlements were by far the most successful of the communistic experiments of which the early nineteenth century was so prolific. Consult: Lux, Etienne Cabet uiid der Ikarische Eommunis- mus (Stuttgart, 1894); Shaw, Icaria (New York, 1884). ICA'KXUS (Lat.. from Gk. 'Impio^, Ikarios) . ( 1 ) In Greek nij'tholog%', an Athenian to whom Dionysus taught the cultivation of the vine. (2) A Lacediemonian, the father of Penelope, wife of Odysseus. When Odysseus declined to settle at Lacediemon as desired by Icarius, and gave Penel- ope her choice of following him to Ithaca or of remaining with her father, the bride covered her face with her veil and chose her husband. lea- . rius then ceased his solicitations and raised a temple to Modesty on the spot. IC'ARTJS. See D.edalcs. ICAZBALCETA, e'kath-bal-sa'ta, Joaquin Gaucia (1825—). A Mexican author. He was born in the City of Mexico, and began his his- torical and archaeological researches at an early age. His first literary work was done in the preparation of the Diccionario universal de his- toria y geografla (1885), and he afterwards published a Coleccidn de documentos para la historia de Mexico (1858-66), and Historia celc- sidstica indiana. ohra escrita d fines del siglo XVI. por Francisco Gerdninio Mendieta de la 6rden de San Francisco (1870). ICE (AS., OHG. IS. Ger. Fis). Water in the solid state. It is crystallized in the hexagonal system. Ordinarily the crystalline structure of a block of ice is not apparent, owing to the close contact and perfectly regular arrangement of the crystals. But when a piece of ice is exposed to radiation from any luminous source, as the sun, a glowing fire, a gas or oil flame, disintegra- tion gradually takes place, and by the use of a lens, numerous small crystals may be seen stud- ding the interior of the block: as the heat con- tinues, these crystals expand and finally assume