Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/501

ICHTHYOSAURUS. 439 ICONOGRAPHY. arch is separated from the vertebral column, for there is no sacrum. In size they ranged from 4 to 40 feet, and they must have swarmed in im- mense numbers in some portions of tiit European seas, especially during Liassic time, for their remains have been found in abundance in de- posits of that age at Lyme Regis, England, and in Wiirtteniberg, Germany. That they were pre- daeeous animals and fed largely on fish, is evi- denced by the fish fragments found within their coprolites and also within the abdominal cavity of some skeletons. Some ichthyosaurs were vivip- arous, for specimens obtained in the Wiirttem- lierg quarries sliow several small embryonic skeletons contained in the abdominal cavities of the adults. About thirty-five species of Ich- tliyosaurus are known, and they have been found in the Mesozoic deposits of Europe, the East In- dies, Australia, New Zealand, and South Amer- ica. Allied genera are Mixosaurus, of small size from the Trias, and Ophthalmosaurus, a tooth- less ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic and I^ower Cretaceous. A single rei)resentatiTe, Bap- tanodon, is found in the Xorth American Juras- sic, .and is very close to Ophthalmosaurus. The ichthyosaurs and their allies, together with the Sauropterygia, comprising the plesiosaurs and allied forms, were formerly included in an order Enaliosauria, which is not now recognized. BiBLiOGRAPHT. Woodward. Outlines of Ver- tebrate Paleontology for Students of Zoolofjy (Cambridge, 1898) ; Owen, Monograph of the Fossil Reptiles of the Liassic Formation, Part III., Ichthyopterygia (London, 1881); Fraas. Die Jchthyosaurier der siiddeutschen Trias und Jura-Ahlagerungen (Tubingen. 1891); Nicholson and Lydekker. Manual of Paleontology, vol. ii. (Edinburgh and London, 1889). See Repteu:. ICHTHYOSIS, Ik'thi-r/sis (Xeo-Lat.. from f;k. tx'&vilKrir, irom lx0ik, ichthys, fish), or FlSH- Skix Disease. A disease characterized by a hard- ened, thickened, rough, and almost horny state of the epidermis, which breaks into small, irregu- lar.pcale-like pieces, which do not readily exfoliate, hut which if removed are speedily reproduced. In the localities less profoundly altered by the ich- thyotic condition, there is hypersecretion of sweat ; in the hardened and thickened places, many su- <loriparous glands are suppressed and the surface is dry. The disease may affect almost the whole surface or may be confined to a single part ; and is most frequently, but not always, congenital. It is attended with no constitutional disturbance. The disease is extremely obstinate, and when con- genital may be considered as incurable. The treatment consists in the frequent use of the warm or vapor bath, so as to soften the thickened epidermis and to facilitate its removal, and fric- tion by means of a piece of flannel may he con- joined with the bath. The internal administra- tion of tar, cod-liver oil, etc., sometimes gives relief. ICHTHYS, ik'thls (Gk. /x^C. ichthys, fish). -An early Christian s>Tnbol. It was discovered that the Greek word for fish consisted of the first letters of the common ascriptive title to Christ : Jesus Christ, the Son of God. the Saviour, or in Greek 'I|50-oCfX|p«rT6fe|£oDT|/<tf£|ur//p. A fish thus became the symbol of Christ, and to make the sign of a fisli was to give to the initiated the plainest indication of being a Christian. Accord- ingly, it entered into the freemasonn- of early Christianity. The acrostic appears upon the monuments, and the figure of a fish likewise. ICICA, isl-ka. See Pbotiim. ICILIUS. The name of a plebeian family in Rome, which produced some of the most zealous defenders of the plebeian interest against the patricians. The name of one of them, betrothed to tlie unfortunate Virginia, is associated with one of the most touching incidents in the legend- ary historj' of Rome. See Appius Claudics Cbassis. ICKELSAMER.ik'el-sii'mer .Valentin ( c. 1 500- C.1537). A German grammarian. Nothing definite is known of his life. He was bom at Rothen- burg-an-der-Tauber, it is conjectured, as about 1525 he was schoolmaster there, and from the title-page of one of his works we may gather that he lived for a time, possibly as school- master, at Karlstadt. Afterwards he lived at Erfurt and at Augsburg. His two principal works were: Rechte Weis auffs kiirtzist lesen zu lernen (c.1527), the foundation of the German phonetic method: and Teutsche Grammatica (c.1534), one of the earliest German grammars. Both these books are reprinted in iluller. Quellen- schriflen und Geschichte des dew'schsprachlichen Vnterrichts (Gotha, 1882). ICKNTELD (ik'neld) STREET, or WAY. An ancient road running from Cornwall to Nor- folk in England. The name is connected with the Iceni. ICOD, or ICOD DE LOS VINOS, e-kOo' da Ids ve'nos. A small town on the northwest coast of Teneriffe. one of the Canaries (q.v. ) (Map: Spain. F 5)'. Population, in 1900. 7282. ICOLMKILL, i'komkil. See loXA. ICON BASILIKE, i'kon ba-sill-ke. See ElKOX BaSII-IKE. ICO'NItrM. A town of Asia Minor. See KOXIEII. ICON'OCLASM (from Gk. elKdir, eikon, image -- (cXac, klan, to break). The name given to any movement against the religious use of images, but especially to the crusade against their use which excited the whole Eastern Church in the eighth century, dating in its definite character from a decree of the Emperor Leo. the Isaurian, which enjoined the destruction of such images. The question was settled by ecclesiastical author- ity at the second Council of Nicaea (787), but several succeeding emperors confirmed and at- tempted to enforce the edict against much popu- lar opposition. The course of the Reformation in Western Europe was marked by wholesale de- struction of sacred statues, and many of the Eng- lish cathedrals still bear traces of the iconoclasm of Cromwell and his soldiers. ICON'OCLAST. The nom-de-plume of Charles Bradlaugh. ICONOCLAST EMPERORS. The Byzan- tine Emperors by whom the contest against iconolatry in the Eastern Church was waged: Leo III., the Isaurian, Constantine V., Leo IV., Leo v.. the .rmenian. and Theophilus. ICONOG'RAPHY. A term originally used, in its etymological sense, to signify the science of antique portraiture, i.e. tlie discussion, enu- meration, and history of the portraits of promi- nent persons in statues, busts, paintings, coins, gems. etc. This science was first resurrected by