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HESSE-HOMBUBG. resumed with fresh spirit, and the system con- tinued till 1872. In March, 18U(J, on the death, without heirs, of the last hinJj,ave Ferdinand, who had succeeded his brother Gustavus Au- gustus, in 1848, the landgraviate fell to Hesse- Uarmstadt, but remained united with that duchy only a few months, being ceded to Prussia on September 3, 18()6. HESSE-NASSAU, nas'sou (Ger. Bessen- yussaii)- A province of Prussia, the southwest- ern part of the kingdom, lying between the Rhine and the Weser, and composed chiefly of the larger portions of Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, and Ilesse- Homburg. It also contains the city of Frank- fort (q.v.) (Map: Germany, C 3). The main body of the province is bordered by the Rhine Province, Westphalia, Waldeck, Hanover, and Prussian Saxony, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Ba- varia, and Hesse, and incloses the Hessian Prov- ince of Upper Hesse. Among the several exclaves that belong to Hesse-Xassau are the courttship of Schaumburg and the Thuringian district in which Schmalkalden is situated. Area, 6000 square miles. Topography. The province is generally an ele- vated region. In the south are the rich valleys of the Main and Rhine: in the north lies the Weser Valley : but as a whole the province be- longs to the mountain region of Middle Germany, and consists of higli. rolling districts broken by peaks and rather prominent spurs and outliers. In the east are the Kaufunger Wald and portions of the Rhiingebirge. Vogelsberg, and Sjicssart. The Westerwald is in the west, and the important Taunus range in the extreme southwest. The western part of the province is traversed by the Lahn. an affluent of the Rhine. In the northeast are the Fulda and the Werra, which unite to form the Weser. The climate is mild and generally even. Industries. The principal occupations are agriculture and its allied industries. Of the total area, about 40 per cent, is under crops and gardens, about the same proportion is in forests, and the remainder is chiefly in meadow and pas- ture. Most of the land is distributed into small holdings. According to the industrial census of 189.5 there were 212.349 holdings ranging from less than 5 acres to 50 acres, and 4743 holdings of over 50 acres each. The chief agricultural products are rye, wheat, potatoes, flax, oats, and hay (including clover and alfalfa). Tobacco and beans are cultivated to a considerable extent. Among the well-known wines of the province are the.Iohannisberger,Hochheimer,andRudesheimer. The forests are among the most extensive of Prussia, and belong mostly to the State and the communities. The trees are conifers, oaks, and beeches. The commercial yield of the forest is large. They abound in game, and the streams are rich in fish. Live-stock raising is not carried on extensively as a separate industry. In 1900 there were 8.5.170 horses, 587.802 cattle, 304,499 sheep. 556.233 swine, and 171,959 goats. The mineral deposits are important, principally iron and coal. Of the former about 400.000 tons are obtained annually: of the latter, over 600.000 tons. Hesse-Xassau is one of the leading iron producers among the Prussian provinces. There iire some deposits of zinc. lead, and copper. Good clav is found. The mineral springs and health resorts of the province are both numerous and famous, including those of Hombura. Wiesbaden, 37 HESSHXJSIUS. Ems, Schwalbach, and Selters. Several of the waters, especially the Selters, are exported exten- sively to all parts of the civilized world. The manufacturing industries, with some ex- ceptions, are on a small scale. The industrial census of 1895 gives the total number of estab- lishments at 128,888, employixig 344,502 hands. This number includes 58,664 establishments em- ploying no help, and 42,805 establishments em- l)loying from on^ to live hands each. The chief manufactured products are cotton and woolen goods, tobacco, cigars, and sugar. Also worthy of mention are the exports of marble, dressed stone, and burnt clay, and wooden wares, leather. and jewelry. There were 347 distilleries in opera- tion in 1901. The province has important fairs and markets, especially horse markets, and the trade and manufacturing interests are furthered by means of numerous chambers of commerce. The banks of Frankfort, the financial centre of this part of Germany, are celebrated for their strength and the extensive scope of their under- takings. The transportation facilities are fully adequate to the needs of the province. The rail- ways are mostly controlled by the St<ate. The splendid roads and natural waterways aid very materially in the distribution of products. The commerce is concentrated largely in Frankfort, Cassel, and Wiesbaden. Other important busi- ness towns are Hanau and Fulda. Got:rnmekt and Education. Administrative- ly Hesse-Nassau is divided into the two districts of Cassel and Wiesbaden, subdivided into 24 and 18 circles, respectively. The former district is about twice the size of the latter, but has less population, Frankfort being included in the lat- ter. Cassel (q.v.) is the capital. The province is represented in tlie Prussian Landtag by 26 Deputies in the Lower Chamber and by 21 mem- bers in the House of Lords. The highest educa- tional institution is the Lfniversity of Marburg, founded in 1527. There are an agricultural school at Weilburg. a farmers' association at Cassel, and an agriculture and forestry associa- tion at Wiesbaden. There are also several unions for bee and bird raising and gardening. Popri..TioN. The population was 1,664,426 in 1890. and 1.897.981 in 1900. showing an increase of 14 per cent, for the decade. Population per square mile. 313.1. Emigrants, in 1900, 605. About 70 per cent, of the inhabitants are Protes- tant. For the history of Hesse-Nassau, see Hesse-Cassel: Hesse-Homburg; Nassau. HESSE-WARTEGG. viir'teg, Ernst von ( 1851 — ) . An Austrian traveler, born in Vienna. His travels covered most of the habitable globe. He married Minnie Hauk, the opera singer, in 1881. He wrote, among many books of travel: Prairiefahrten (1878) ; Tausettd xind ein Tap im Occident (1896); Chicago (1892): Ciirioso au^ der neuen VTeU (1893): Korea (1895): China vnd Japan. (2d ed. 1900) : Schantung und Deutsch-China (1898): Siam (1899); and fa- mnn. Bixmarckarchipcl und Xeuguinea (1902). HESSHTJ'SITIS. Tilemann (1.527-88). A German Lutheran theologian, bom at Wesel. and educated at Wittenberg. Oxford, and Paris. From his post as lecturer of New Testament exegesis in Wittenbersr. he went to Ooslar (1553). then to Rostock (1556). to Heidelberg as pro- fessor of theolosry (1558). and then preached at Bremen, and (1560) at Magdeburg. But