Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/777

INSURANCE. 689 INTEGUMENT. involved in the extension of governmental activ- ity into this field, and the experience (if huch ^'ovcrnnicntal olliccs as liave already been ostab- lislied, bolli point to the necessity of e.tronie caution in attempting to introduce the system of governinentiil insurance. The only feasible alternative to governmental management of the insurance business is gov- ernmental regulation of private companies. This is the method actually in use in nearly all civi- lized countries. The degree of regulation and supervision varies greatly from one couniry to another. There is as little of it in England as in any countrj-, and as much of it in the United .States as anywhere. In the latter country each .State regulates the business within its own bor- ders, and imposes such restrictions on the activi- ties of the companies as it sees fit. The most general provisions are the requirements of annual reports from the companies, exhibiting in detail the business for the preceding year, and the requirement of a reserve bearing a certain ratio to the amount of insurance in force. Some of the States have shown a disposition to impose vexatious conditions upon the companies, the only efTect of which is to increase the cost of in- surance within their bonlers. But however reason- able the laws of each .State, considered by them- selves, may be, the variation in the requirements of different States, and the multiplication of reports and examinations, impose a great deal of unnecessary exjiense on the companies, all of which in the end must come out of the policy- holders. Insurance men and State officials alike join in the attempt to bring about greater uni- formity among the requirements of the different States. It would be a great gain in this respect, as well as for other reasons, if the National Government would take over the regulation and supervision of the insurance business. Unfortu- nately, the United States Supreme Court, in the ca.se of Paul vs. Virginia, has ruled that the business of insurance is not commerce; that consequently it is not interstate commerce when an insurance company incorporated in one State carries on business in another ; and that, there- fore, the regulation of the business is reserved to the individual States. BiELiOdKAPiiY". The English and American writings on insurance are nearly all of a techni- cal or practical character. The only general work of any great merit in the English language is Walford's Insuraitce CycJopwdut (London, 1871-80). Of the numerous general works in French and German, the following are among the best: Chaufton. Jjen assurance/) (Paris, 18S4) ; Wagner, "Versicherungswesen," in Schonberg's Hnndhuch drr pnlitisrhcn Oehonomir, ii. 2 (Tiibingen, 18!)fl-98) ; Emminghaus, "Versicher- ungswesen," "Feuerversicherung." "Lebensvcr- sicherung." in Conrad's nnndiriirterhuch dcr Staatsaissenschaften, vi., iii. and iv. (.Tena, 1890-94); Briimer, Vcrsiclirrunflsiirscn (Leipzig, 1S94), containing a ver*' full bibliography. The work which, when it is comjileted, will undoubteil- ly be the most eruilite and exhaustive in any lan- guage, is the Handirorlnlnich des f/ciamten Versicherungsucsens. edited by Baumgartner, of which onlv the first volume has vet appeared (Strassbin'g, 1807-08). The annual Ci/cloprdia of Insurance in the United fitales, published by the Insurance Journal Company of Hartford, Conn., contains valuable digests of the insurance legislation of the various States, and of judicial decisions afTeeting insurance, and also descrip- ticiiis (jf the forms of ])olicies issued by the differ- ent life insurance companies. Ehrenzweig's Asse- kuranzjahrbuch (Vienna, 1880) gives a mass of information about insurance in the different European countries. For statistics rtf the United States the best source of information is the He- parts of the Insurance Departments of the various States. Among the more valuable of these re- ports are those of Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio. The Spectator Year-Boole (New York, 18G9 et seq.) gives full information about fire insurance in the United States. For a theoreti- cal treatise on fire insurance, reference may be made to .Schramm-Maedonald, Feuercersicher- nnysieesen (Dresden, 1883). On marine insur- ance, consult: Martin, History of Lloyds and of Marine Insurance in Great liritain (London, 1870); Gow, Murine Insurance (London, 1895). INTAGLIO, in-tal'yo, Ital. pron. ^n-ta'ly6 (It., engraving, in-cutting). A term in art, the opposite of relief. { See Alto KiMEvo. ) It means the representation of a subject by hollowing it out in a gem or other substance, so that an impres- sion taken from the engraving presents the ap- pearance of a bas-relief. See Gem. INTEGRAL CALCULUS. See Calculus. INTEG^TTMENT ( Lat. inlegumentum, cover- ing, from integere, to cover, from in, in + tegere, Lilv. ariytiv, stegcin, to cover; connected with OllG. dull, Ger. Dach, leel. pak, Eng. thatch). The external coating or skin of animals. The tcrtn integument is also sometimes used synony- mously with cell-membrane, a product of secre- tion which serves for the support or protection of the cell. Lower Orders. The cell integument found in certain Infusoria consists of a chitinous or cellu- lose membrane, which may even harden into a shell by the impregnation of carbonate of lime. In Difllugia this membrane becomes a case by its union with small foreign particles. The integu- u.ent or body epithelium (epidermis) of the Cnidaria consists of one layer of epithelial cells. These cells may be ciliated or llagellate. and in this layer occur the stinging cells or nematocysts (q.v. ). These stinging cells may be grouped in masses, in which case they are known as 'stinging knobs' or stinging batteries. Moreover, in the ectoderm sensory, nerve, muscle, gland, and pig- ment cells may ari.se In the Scolecida, a body epithelium occurs among flat-worms only in Tur- bellaria. It is ciliated and in it arc glands, the so-called 'rods' or rhabdites. In trematodes and cestodes its place is taken by an elastic cuticular membrane, usually perforated by fine pores. In nem.atodes and Sagitta it is a single layer, in some species ciliated. The entire outer surface of mollusks is covered by a single layer of epi- thelium which may be ciliated in regions not pro- tected by a shell. In this layer are many unicel- lular glands or the ducts of others that have .sink bf low the surface of the epithelium. The shell of mollusks is a calcified cuticle. Stinging cells may occur in the integument of gastropods, al- though the pigment usually occurs in the deeper cutis. Th^ integument of cephalopods is a cylindrical epithelium, and is made up of deep- lying connective tissue which contains contracting iind expanding pigment cells, the chromatophores. The integument of eehinodernis consists of a uni-