INTERNATIONAL DATE-LINE. 704 INTERNATIONAL LAW. with al! tlie various settlements, whether the diite in public use is the . ierioan or .sialic' one. Corrc.s|)unil('nce of this kind has been carried on by Prof. (jcor<;e Davidson, of the I iiivorsily of California, and formerly of the United States Coast and Geodetic ."Purvey. His results have been published by the l"nit<'d States tioveriinu-Mt, and form the basis of the aceompanyiiif; map. which presents unquestionably the most autliori- tative ilateline so far placed at our disposal. The principal chnnjic from other recent authorities transfers Morell Island to the cast of the line. '1 he chanfje of the Sanioaii Islands from west to east was made i)y order of Kinj; .Malictoa in 1802. See .Xntii'ode.s ; TI^^E. STANnARi). INTERNATIONALE. ..r INTERNATION- AL WORKINGMENS ASSOCIATION.
attempt lo unite workinfinien of all nations into an orfiani/.alion wliiili slioulil have for its jjur- pose the i)rolection. the coo|M"ration, and the com- plete emancipation of the workinf; classes. It was an international movement in harmony with the firowini; fcelin;; of solidarity and common interests which was ccntralizinjr the national luiions durinj; the latti-r half of the ninitccntli century. The founding' of the Internal ional Association of W'orkin^nu'n was occasioned liy a visit of Kreneh workinf^nieii to the Internatioiuil E.hibit in London in 18(12. They came in con- tact with F^iij^lish trade unionists, reeojinized their conunon interests, and as a result a meeting of workinttmcn of all nations was held in London, SeptendM-r 28, IStU. A provisional committee was appointed to draw uj) a constitution, which was drafted by .Mar. after Mazzini's ideas had failed to meet with approval. A peneral council with hcadipuirlers in London was appointed. Sixty dclcjiates were present at the tirst congress in Geneva, in Septend>cr, IHtiti, where an eight- hour day was ap|)roved, and a system of educa- tion discussed. At Lausanne in 1807 socialistic principles were first adopted, with the result that its Knglisli adherents, whose ideal was trade unionism, withdrew fnjni the movement. At the third and most important confn-ess at Brussels in I8(i8 the congress announced itself opjiosed to var, advocated a general strike, in case of war, and declared itself in favor of State ownership of mines, land, and transportation facilities. Hakunin and other anarchists joined the fourth congress at Basel in 1800. In that year the Social Democratic Party was founded in Ger- many, representing in politics the principles of the International. The Franco- Prussian War jirevented the meeting of the fifth congress at Paris. In 1872 at The Hague congress the an nrchists were expelled, and the general council removed to Xew York. A last congiess, repre- .senting chiefly the anarchistic wing of the party, was held at Geneva in 187.1, For some years this faction carried on a fiery agitation in the south of Europe, but with the death of Bakunin in 187fi it disintegrated, its members becoming the anarchistic eonununisis of to-day. The Mar.xist wing developed in other countries, as well as in Germany, into Social Democratic parties. Branches of both factions were formed in the United States, but were never firmly established. In the .American movement the anarchistic fac- tion showed the greater strength. This faction broke up into two rival associations, the Interna- tional Working People's Association and the lnternation.il Workmen's Association, the latter representing the more radical i)rinciples. While it e.vistcd the International aidcil strikes of bronze-workers in Paris (lS(i7) and builders in (ieneva (I8(!8), and helped I'nglish trade uniim- ists by prevcniing the importation of cheap labor. A nuud>er of journals in dilferent countries were devoted to its cause. Cimsult: Kirkup, llintor;/ of Soriiilisin (Lon- don, I8!)2); lUu', Coii/( i/i/iorari/ Soriiiliiim (2d cd.. New York, 1!M)I ) ; Kly, Labor Murcmcnl in AiiDTiva (New York, I88t)"). INTERNATIONAL EPISODE, A.N. A novel by ll(Mr. .iaiiics (I-S78). U tells of a Iriji ti) itri(a by two Knglishmcn. one a lord, during which they meet some charming .Vna'rican women. They in turn visit Knglaml. the acipniin- tance proceeds to courtship, hut the Boston girl refuses his lordship, after a glimpse of the power of family iritlucTicc. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SO- CIOLOGY iFr. Inatiliit hilciimliunal de fe'o- ciuloi/ic). A French .scientific .society founded in July, 1803. The membership is small, about twenty, and almost entirely confined to Europe, Congresses are held from time lo time for the dis- cussion of sociological topics. INTERNATIONAL LAW, To ;idopl Ben- thani's tciniiiiolrigy instead of the cddcr and ,slill conunon expression, 'Law of Nations,' 'Interna- tional Law' is the collection of rules, whether based upon custom, convention, or coitunon con- sent, which are acknowledged and accepted as binding modern civilized and independent nations in their uuitnal dealings. The question whether these rules are law in the abstract and technical .sense of the word is pure- ly academic and has little practical importance; for in England and in the United ."stalf's interna- ti(mal law is regarded as part of the conunon and nuuiicipal laws of the res|i«'clive (•ountries. l.iuds Talbot and .Mansfield exprcvsslv so held (Tri.pict in. Bath, 17tl4, .'5 Bur. U7S): Black- stone in his Commentaries published a year later laid down the doctrine in unmistakable terms: "The law of nations ... is here adopted to its full extent by the common law and is held to be a part of the law of the laml:' the Constitution of the United States acknowledged it in giving Congress powiT to punish "olTcnscs against the law of nations;" for nations ]>un- ish violations of domestic, not of foreign law, and the Supreme Court has held in a ease arising out of the recent Spanish-.merican War that the law of nations is nothing more nor less than a branch of our municipal law: "Internalinnnl law is i)art of our law. and must be ascertained and administered by the courts of justice of :ip propriale jurisdiction, as often as questions of right depending upon it arc duly ])rcsented for their (h'termination. For this purpose, where there is no treaty, and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial decision, resort must be had to the customs and usages of civilized na- tions; and, as evidence of these, to the works of jurists and commentjitors, who, by years of labor, research, and experience, have made them- selves peculiarly well acquainted with (he sub- jects of which they treat. Such works are re- sorted to by judicial tribunals, not for the specu- lations of their authors concerning what the law ought to he, but for trustworthy evidence of what
