Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/809

INTESTINE. 719 INTIMIDATION. .Si III p 1 e tubular jflaiidM of Inr^e in- ti'Ktint'ri uf dofs; : the epithelial eiemeuts liiiiug the follicles have become very largely converted in- to goblet eellB. latter is composed of delicate connective tissue and more or less diffuse lymphoid tissue. It ex- tends up into the villi and supports the vessels, nerves, and glandular structures. From the bottom of the depressions between the villi, glands ex- tend down into the stroma. These are tubular glands, called the crypts of Jjieberkiihn. and ex- tend down almost to the muscularis mucosa.'. The glandular epithelium is colunuiar in type, lower than that on the surface of the nuicous membrane, with which it is directly continuous. Numerous goblet cells are distributed among the columnar cells. In one portion of the small intestine much more elaborate glands are found. They are situ- ated in the duodenum and are known as the glands of lirun- ner. They are compound tu- bular glands, whose acini are situated in the submucosa and whose ducts ])ass up between tile eiypts of Licbeikiihn and enipt.y between the villi. The muscularis mucosa; is the in- nermost layer of the mucous membrane. It is composed of smooth muscle - cells, whose long axes correspond mainly to the long axis of the intes- tine. At certain points a more or less complete internal circular layer is present. See Bbunxf.r's Glands. Blood - Vessels, LTSiniAX- ics, .ND Xesves. The larger arterial trunks pierce the se- rous and muscular coats, in which they give oil' blanches, and form a rich network in the submu- cosa. From this network smaller branches are given off, which form a capillary anastomosis throughout the mucous membrane extending up into the villi. From the capillaries arise veins which empty into the venous plexus of the sub- mucosa, from which larger venous trunks pass outward, accompanying the arteries. The lymphatic system of the intestine is very exten- sive. Beginning as blind canals in the villi, the lymiihatics pass downward to form a plexus in the deeper layers of the mucosa and in the sub- mucosa. From this plexus larger lym])hatic ves- sels pass outward to the mesenteric lymph-glands. The nerves of the intestine are mainly non-medul- lated fibres from the abdominal plexus of the s; npathctic. Between the two muscular layers liie nerve-fibres form a rich plexus, known as the plexus of Auerbach. From this plexus fibres ex- tend to the submucosa, where a .second plexus, called the plexus of Weissner. is formed. In both plexuses microscopic groups of ganglion-cells are found. The Large Intestine. This differs from the small intestine in several important particulars. The mucotis membrane is entirely devoid of villi and its glands, which are of the simple tubular variety, open upon the surface of the mucosa. In the ca'cum and colon the internal muscular coat i=; thinner than in the small intestine, and the external longitudinal muscle, instead of com- pletely surrounding the gut, as in the small intes- tine, is collected into three flat bands. As these bands are shorter than the other layers which make up the intestinal wall, they are responsible for the sacculation which is so characteristic of the large intestine. In the rectum the serous coat is replaced by a fibrous coat, and toward the anus the circular muscular coat becomes thickened and is composed of voluntary muscle forming the internal anal sphincter muscle. Soli- tary hinph-nodes (x;cur throughout the large in- testine. The collections of nodes known as Peyer's patches are, however, usuallj' confined to the small intestine. The distribution of blood-ves- sels, lymphatics, and nerves is similar to that in the small intestine. INTI, en'te. The deified sun, worshiped by the Incas of Peru. INTIMIDATION (from ML. intimidare, to iutiiuidulc, from Lat. in, in + thnidus, afraid, from limcrc, to fear). Literally, the act of mak- ing afraid, in law specifically said of the un- lawful use by a person or combination of persons of threats of violence, or of force to compel an- other to do or refrain from doing an act which he has a legal right to do or abstain from doing, as he chooses. For this form of duress (q.v.) as exercised by combinations, as of strikers, manufacturers, merchants, etc., the term intimi- dation is especially used. Xo exact statement of what constitutes such intimidation unlawful has yet been given, nor probably can such a state- ment be made. Neither are the principles upon which the question in any case shall be decided well settled, although this question is one of primary importance in the administration of the law as affecting strikes of employees against their employers, and as affecting combinations among employers to coerce employees, as of manufac- turers or dealers either to coerce others or drive them out of business. When the acts complained of as constituting intimidation are unlawful in themselves regardless of the question of intimi- dation, there is no difference of opinion in the cases in holding that such acts, when they rea- sonably result in coercing a person from the exercise of his legal freedom of conduct, consti- tute unlawful intimidation; as where actual physical violence is threatened and overt acts are done in pursuance of the threat. ^liere, however, the acts complained of result in intimidation because of the number of persons by whom they are done in concert or in accord- ance with a common plan of so affecting the busi- ness or affairs of plaintiff, but would be harmless or ineffectual without such combination, the decisions are at variance. For example, the courts are not agreed as to what is and what is not legal picketing, as it is called; as to the legality of notice posted in the meeting-rooms of trades unions affecting the standing of par- ticular employers; as to the legality of designat- ing a shop as a scab shop; of the manner that may be used in requesting other workmen to quit work; of notifying employers that they have non-union men who must be discharged to pre- vent a strike; of the fining of members to compel them to strike, etc. Formerly the law (common law) was unjust in its discrimination against the performance of these acts by combinations of workmen or others; but these rules have been much modified both by statute and judicial de- cisions. Generally speaking, the courts of the United States, and of some States, as Jfassachu- setts and New Jersey, adhere more closelv to the spirit of the old common-law rule than is done in some of the other States, as New York and Illinois, where the effort of organized labor has