city received its new charter of incorporation from the Philippine Commission on July 31, 1901, by which the government is vested in a municipal board of three members appointed by the civil Governor.
Manila existed as a palisaded native town under the name of ‘Mainila’ when it was first visited by the Spaniards. In 1569 Juan de Salcedo, a nephew of Legazpi, the conqueror of the Philippines, made an unsuccessful attempt to found a Spanish colony in the town. In 1571 Legazpi himself appeared in the harbor with a Spanish lleet. and w:is admitted into the town by the two native chiefs, who rendered homage to Spain. Legazpi at once strengthened the fortifications, and built a church and a number of houses for the Spaniards, and in the same year a municipal government was inaugurated with great solemnity. The city in 1574 was sacked and burned by Chinese pirates; in 1590 the present permanent fortifications were begun. In 1602 an insurrection of the Chinese residents of the city was put down with great severity, several thousands of the insurgents being killed. The same year the city was blockaded by the Dutch. In 1762 it was captured and sacked by the English, who occupied it until 1764.
Toward the end of the nineteenth century Manila became the centre of secret agitation for the overthrow of Spanish sovereignty. Many arrests were made; on September 2, 1890, thirteen prominent Filipino citizens were shot at Cavité; and on December 30th Dr. Rizal was executed at Manila. On August 30, 1897, a skirmish with the insurgents took place on the outskirts of the city, which was then declared under martial law. On May 1, 1898, Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay—an event which was the signal for a great uprising of the Filipinos against Spanish rule, under the lead of Aguinaldo, and on August 13th the city capitulated to the American forces. It was placed under a military government and policed by a provost guard of American soldiers. During the winter of 1898-99 the city was practically in a state of siege by Aguinaldo's forces until the actual outbreak of hostilities, which began with an unsuccessful attack of the Filipinos upon the Americans at Manila, on February 4-5, 1899. The actual transfer of the military government to the new civil authorities took place on August 7, 1901.
Manila has a number of times suffered from earthquakes, the most terrible of which occurred on June 3, 1863, when all the prominent buildings were destroyed and several thousand persons killed. Consult the authorities referred to under Philippine Islands.
MANILA, University of. A Philippine university which owes its origin to Philip II. of Spain, who gave permission for the foundation of a university in 1585. In 1601 a seminary for nobles was opened here, and in 1611 the Dominicans established the College of Saint Thomas for natives and poor Spaniards. In 1857 the present university was founded on this school as a basis. It had in 1901 some 1100 students, chiefly in law and medicine. Its faculties comprise also theology, philosophy, science, and pharmacy.
MANILA BAY. A large and beautiful inlet of the China Sea, running into the central part of Luzon on the western coast (Map: Luzon, E 8). It has, roughly, the shape of a triangle with its base line, 37 miles long, forming the head of the bay from southeast to northwest, while its apex is at the entrance, which is 11 miles wide. The depth of the bay from the entrance to the base is 25 miles. The land on both sides of the entrance and along the western shore is high and forested; that on the east and north is low, and the northern shore especially consists of the marshy delta of the Rio Grande de la Pampanga, which enters the bay through numerous mouths, between which tall reeds grow far out into the shallow water. The greater part of the bay, however, has deep water, with good and ample roadsteads at Manila and Cavité, and for harbor purposes it is the finest in the Far East. The entrance is well lighted by a large new lighthouse on Corregidor Island, and another on the smaller island of Caballo. The bay connects through the Pasig River at Manila with the large Bay Lagoon (q.v.) in the interior of Luzon. Manila Bay was the scene of the victory of Admiral Dewey over the Spanish fleet on May 1, 1898. See Spanish-American War.
MANILA FIBRE, or Manila Hemp. See Hemp, Manila.
MANILIAN LAW. A law proposed at Rome in B.C. 66 by the tribune Gaius Manilius, providing for the recall of the commanders then in Asia, where the Romans were fighting Mithridates, and for the extension of Pompey's power over all the East. Cicero made his first address to the people in support of the proposition of Manilius. The speech, Pro Lege Manilia, or De Imperio Cn. Pompeii, is in form superior to the orations against Catiline.
MANIL′IUS, Marcus. The supposed name of the author of a Latin poem on astrology entitled Astronomica. Nothing is known of his personality, but he is assumed to have lived in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. Five books of his poem are preserved, treating of the constellations and their influence on human life. The work is of no great poetic value, but exhibits diligence and great research. There are no recent editions, but several old ones, including those of Scaliger (Leyden, 1579 and 1600), Bentley (London, 1739), and Jacob (Berlin, 1846), and an English translation by Creech (London, 1697). Consult Ellis, Noctes Manilianæ (Oxford, 1801).
MANIN, mȧ-nēn′, Daniele (1804-57). An Italian patriot. He was born in Venice, May 13, 1804, studied at the University of Padua, and was admitted to the doctorate of laws at the age of nineteen, and after that practiced at the bar, of which his father, Pietro Manin, was an eminent member. After 1831 he became a recognized leader of liberal opinion in Venice. In 1847 his reputation as a political economist was established during the sittings of the scientific congress at Venice. Shortly after he was thrown into prison for a spirited public address against Austrian domination. Previous to the rising against Austria of 1848 Manin was for a second time imprisoned, but when the news came of the revolution in Sicily and of the February revolution in France, he was released in triumph by the populace, was placed at the head of the patriotic movement, and was invested with supreme power as President of the restored Republic of Saint Mark. The organization of a
