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VLADIVOSTOK. 197 VOGEL. rise of Port Artliur ((j.v.j iiiid Daliiy (q-v.) will probably ])rove dctriiiiontnl to its furlbcr develop- ment, owing to llie sui)crior siluatiuii of tlicse two ports. VLOZLAWEK, vlyOt.s-lyiiAOlc, or VLOTS- LAVSK, vlots-lafsk'. A town in the (lovern- nient ui Warsaw. Russian Poland, situated near the left bank of the Vistula, about 00 miles northwest of Warsaw (Map: Russia, A 4). It has extensive manuf.aotures. Po]nilation, in 181)7, 23,005. VODENA, vo-da'na. A town in the Vilayet of .bjiiastir, European Turkey, situated about 50 miles west-northwest of Saloniki (Map: Turkey in Europe, C 4). It has many churches and mosques and produces tnbaceo, cotton, and woolen goods. Population, 14,000. VOETIUS, v6-e'shl-us, Gisbert ( 1588-I()"G) . A Dutch theologian. He was born in Ilewsden, became a minister at that place in 1617, and in l('i34 was made professor of theology and Oriental languages in the Universit.y of Utrecht. He was engaged in numerous bitter religious contro- versies : at the synod of Dordrecht combated Arminianism w-ith great violence, afterwards at- tacked the works of Descartes and Coeeejus, and exerci.sed great influence ujion the theology of his time. His works were published under the title of HelecUe Disputationes Theologicw (1648- 09), and again as Politica Ecclesiastica (1863- 76). VOGEL, fo'gd, EDLwnu (18-29-50). A Ger- man exjjlorer, born at Crefeld. He was edu- cated at Leipzig and at Berlin, where he studied with Encke; and was attaclied for two years to Bishop's Observatory in London. In 1853 he was commissioned by the British Government to assi.st Overweg and Barth in their ex- plorations of Central Africa. Passing through Tripoli, he reached Jlurzuk in August, 1853, Kuka in January of 1854. and in December met Barth near Bundi. Keturning with the latter to Kuka, on Lake Chad, he then proceeded south- ward alone to Yakulia, and was the first white man ever seen in that region. The remainder of 1855 he spent in the vicinity of Yakuba and the Benue lUver. In Novemlier and December he went back to Bornu and Kuka. Early in 1856 he started eastward for the Nile, and penetrated as far as Wadai. But in Wara he was appre- hended by the Sultan and killed, probably about Februaiy 8th. Several expeditions were imder- taken in search of him^ the most noteworthy of which was that of Heuglin in 1800. It was not until 1873, however, that his fate was finally ascertained by Naehtigal. His sister, Elise PolkOj published his notes in her Eriniie- runfjcn an einen Verscholleiirti (1863). Consult Pahde. Der Afrikaforschcr Ediianl ^'orJcl (Ham- burg. 1889). VOGEL, Hermann Karl (1842—). A Ger- man astronomer^ born in Leipzig. He studied at the universities of Dresden and Leipzig. In 1865 he became assistant and later second observer in the observatory at Leipzig. In 1870 he became astronomer in the private observatory of Btilow near Kiel, and here he devoted himself with great success to astro-physics. In 1874 he became observer in the new astro-physical obser- vatory at Potsdam and in 1882 director of this instiluticjn. In 1892 he was elected member of lh<' Berlin Acaileniy. The fir.st spectroscopic star catalogue ever published was that by Vogel ill 1883. lie also published; Hcob<jcklun(/<;n iiiid J'OKilioHsbcHliiiiiniiHi/cii von Xcbclfleckcn und Hternhaufcn (1867-76); liolhkumpvr Jieobach- liinyen (1873); Vntersuchungen ilber das Hpelc- Irum der I'lanelen (1874-95); Der Sternliaiifen im Perseus (1878); Sternspektratlafel (1888); Uclicr 'Im neticn Intern im /uhrmann (1893). VOGEL, Herman.n Wilhelm (1834-98). A German photoehemist, celebrated for his work with the spectroscope, for his discoveries in the direction of ehromophotography, and for his ac- tivity in all branches of the photographic art. He was born at Dobrilugk (Lower Lusatia). and was educated at the Uoyal School of Technology in Berlin. To that instil ution he was called iii 1804 as instructor of photochemistry and later became full professor. He carried on researches relating to the purely scientific asjiect of photog- raphy, devised a photometer (1864), and was first to discover the ultra violet rays of hydro- gen (1878), and to enlarge the knowledge of spectral |)hotography. His publications in- clude: Die Photographie auf der fjondnner Weltaitsstelhing {1S(}2; 4th ed. as Ilandbuch, 1890-94) ; Die ehemischen Wirkuni/rn des Lichts und die Photographie (1874.; trans, into English, French, Italian, Russian, and .Ia]ian- ese) ; Prakiische Hpektralanalysc irdischcr Hloffe (1877); Lichtbildcr nach der Xaf.ur (1879); and Aus der neuen Uexenkiiche ( 1880) . VOGEL, HtGO (18.55—). A German historical and genre painter, born at Magdeburg. He stud- ied at the Diisseldorf Academy under Gebhardt and Wilhelm Sohn and first turned to historical subjects w-ith his "Luther Preacliing at the Wart- burg" (1883, Kunsthalle, Hamburg). This was followed by "The Great Elector Eeceiins French Refugees at Potsdam" (1885), and by "Duke Ernest the Confessor Receiving the Holy Com- munion at C'elle, 1530" (1887, Hanover Museum). In the City Hall of Berlin he executed two large mural paintings. "Reception of French Refugees by the Great Elector" and "The Councilors of Berlin and Cologne Taking Holy Comnuinion in Both Forms." After that he applied the principles of plein-air painting with an inclination toward naturalism, held in check by a strong feeling for beauty, as may be seen in "After the Bap- tism" (1890, Sainte Gudule, Brussels), and a lai-ge "Allegory of Industry" (1894). VOGEL, Sir Julius (183.5-99). A British colonial statesman, born in London. He was edu- cated at the London University School and the Government School of Mines : emigrated to Mel- bourne in 1852; and after engaging in journalisiu in that citv', went in 1861 to New Zealand, where he established the Otago Dailr/ Times, the first daily paper in the colony. He became a member of the Otago provincial council in 1802, and was the head of the provincial Government from 1866 till 1809. He was a member of the House of Representatives in 1803; was Colonial Treasurer. Conmiissioner of Stamps, and Postmaster-General, from 1869 till 1872: and w-as Premier in 1873- 74, and again in 1876. From 1876 till 1881 he was agent-general of New Zealand in London. Returning to the colony in 1884, he was Colonial Treasurer, Postmaster-General, Telegraph Com-