Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/353

WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. 293 WARHAM. fneture of articles from imported materials in- tciuled for exportation. Commodities otherwise subject to excise, but intended for exportation, may escape the tax if manufactured in these bonded manufacturing; wiirehouses. The rise of the internal revenue system as a result of the Civil War made it necessary to es- tablish warehouses where the home manufacturer nught leave his products under bond, becoming responsible for payment of taxes only upon their withdrawal for consum])tion. The plan was de- fended largely on the ground that otherwise the importer would have a great advantage over his domestic competitor. Jionded warehouses for the storage of distilh'd licpuu's were established in ISOS, under the name of distillery warehouses. The rise of the manufacture of brandies led to the establishment of special bonded warehouses for the storage of distilled spirits made from fruit. A third class, general bonded varelouses, was established in 1894, to be used exclusively for the storage of spirits distilled from materials other than fruit. WAR'FIELD,, Benjamin BnECKENRinr,E(18,'51 — ). An American Presbyterian theologian, born in Lexington, Ky., and educated at Princeton College (class of 1871). at Princeton Theological Seminary (class of 187()), and at the University of Leipzig. He taught New Testament literature and exegesis in the Western Theological Semi- nary from 1878 to 1887, and then became pro- fessor of didactic and polemical theology in Princeton Theological Seminary. He became a leader of the conservative ])arty in the Presby- terian Church. He wrote The Divine Origin of the Bible (1882), Inspiration (1882), Introduc- tion to the Textual Criticism of the Xcw Testa- ment (1880), Si/stcmatie Theology as a Science (1888), The Right of Systematic Theology (1897), and The Significance of the Westminster tita>idard (1898). WAR GAME. An imaginary military opera- tion conducted upon a map with movable jiieces to represent the contending forces. A battle or a campaign, a sea fight or an attack on a for- tress, nuvy be represented. The war game, or Kriegsspicl, was invented by Herr von Reisswitz and elaborated by his son, an officer of the Prus- sian artillery. It met with favor among the Ger- mans early in the nineteenth century. After the War of 1866 it was cultivated extensively in Austria, and the war of 1S70 opened the eyes of all Europe to its importance. In the United States it was practiced extensivelv in the army after 1867 and in the navy after 1886. The war game is played u])on a topographical plan, with small blocks representing the troops, which are proportioned to the scale of the map and occupy as much space upon it as the troops would occupy in the field. These blocks are moved simultaneously, vmder the direction of an umpire, and at rates proportioned to the mobility of the difl'erent arms which they represent. A'hen the position of the blocks indicates that the hostile troops are within sight and range of each other, they may be supposed to open fire, if the ])layers wish, and in this case it becomes the umpire's duty to decide the result upon the basis of ex- perience. The rules of the game explain to him how to estimate the loss from this fire; for ex- ample, it may have been found that, in similar circumstances, the number of killed and wounded has varied from ten to twenty; by throwing a connnon die he decides whether to assign a greater or a less result to the ease in view. The rules of the game also explain to him inder what circumstances troops hav(^ been dispersed by the result of fire, and what woiild l)e the probable result of a hand-to-hand fight. Since the time of von Reisswitz the game lias been much modified and lias assumed three dif- ferent forms. The first form is conducted in accordance with a few arbitrary rules baseil upon general results. The second form is especially adapted to the Jlinor Kriegsspiel, in which but few troops are employed and minute records are kept of the losses of each company or fraction of a company. The third form is conducted by an umpire, who decides each case according to his own judgment. The method which has gradually been developed in the United States service, by the employment of several devices upon the jdan itself, disjieiises with the necessity of keeping records, while it oll'ers facilities for instantly determining the results of calculations as minute as those«of the Minor Kriegsspiel. For naval operations the 'strategical game' is plaved upon an ordinary chart and the 'tactical game' upon a largo table, the surface of which is divided into squares to facilitate .the measure- ments of distances. The ships are represented in miniature and are moved over the table under the direction of the umpire, who calculates the eiTect of the gim, the ram, or the torpedo, and decides the result accordingly. WARHAM, wnr'«m, Willi.m (c.1450-1.532). An English churchman and statesman. He was born at Malshanger, Hampshire; was educated at Winchester College, and New College, Ox- ford, and then went to London, where he prac- ticed as an advocate and whence he was sent on numerous diplomatic missions to Italy and the Low Countries in a ])rofessional capacity. In 1493 he was ordained and from that time pur- sued the double career of churchman and jurist, in 1494 being appointed master of the rolls. From 1496 to 1502 he was royal ambassador in several important diplomatic afTairs, notably the negotiations for the marriage of Prince Arthur to Catharine of Aragon and for a league with the Emperor Maximilian. In 1502 he was con- secrated Bishop of London, and became keeper of the great seal, and in 1504 became Lord Chancellor. Meanwhile, in 1503, he had been translated from the See of London to the Arch- bishopric of Canterbury. He continued to be employed by Henry VIII. on diplomatic mis- Sions and throughout his long tenure of office as Archbishop did his best to remedy and avoid ecclesiastical abuses. In 1509 he crowned Henry VIII. and Catharine of Aragon- at Westminster, and in 1515 presented Wolsey with the cardinal's hat as representative of the Pope. The same year he retired from office and was succeeded by Wolsey as Lord Chancellor. In 1527 he was drawn into the inquiry as to the validity of Henry's marriage to Catharine. His vacillation in this matter was not altogether commendable, but he finally rebelled against the course of pro- ceedings and at the time of his death was en- gaged in a vigorous contest for the rights of the Church.