Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/401

WATCH. 333 WATER. Cases" in the Department of Manufactures of the Twelfth United States Census, indicate the growth of the industry in the L'nite<l States. This report shows that in lilOO 4.3 establish- ments in the United States were reported to be engaged in the manufacture of watclies and watch cases. The capital invested is stated to be $22,754,483 and the value of the product for the year $14,GO()„571. Of those establishments only 13, with a combined capital of .'i!14,235,l!)l, were engaged in the manufacture of watch move- ments. The tendency of industry to concentrate in large establishments is shown in the growth of this industry: in 1870 there were 37 watch- movement factories in the country, or 24 more than in 1000; but their comliincd capital was reported as onlj' .'}i2,(i(l(),133, and the annual value of their prodiict at $2,81!),080. BiBLiOGEAPiiY. Although there are many for- eign books devoted to the history of watches and to foreign practice, very little has been written regarding American history and methods. For the former phase of the subject, consult bibliog- raphy under Clock.s ; Manufactures, vol. x., part iv. of the Twelfth United States Census, eon- tains valuable historical and statistical matter. The Journal of the Fninllin- Institute contains a lecture bv E. A. ]l,arsh, December 14, 1804, on '•The History of Watch JIaking." He is also the author of Evolution of Automatic Machinery in America (Chicago, 1800), and of a chapter on the "American Watch Company," in the Biatortj of Middlesex Coiintij, Mass., published by J. Lewis & Co. Applcton's Journal for July 2 and 7, 1870, contains an article on "Watchmaking in America," which includes a good account of the early history of timekeepers. WATCH (AS. u'lwcce. from wacian, iixeccan, Goth, wakan, OHG. walih/n, Ger. wachen, to wake, watch ; connected with Lat. vigil, wake- ful, watchful). A term used to designate the part of a ship's company that is employed in ■working her at one time. The deck force is di- vided into starboard and port watches, and the fire-room and engine-room forces usually into three watches. The starboard and port watches are commonly subdivided into first and second parts called quarter watches, though when only a 'quarter watch' is on deck for duty it consti- tutes 'the watch' for the time being. In cases of emergency, or when the ship is getting under way, coming to anchor, or performing some other evolution requiring all available men, both watches ('all hands') are called. In port all hands are at work during 'working hours,' but only an anchor watch (q.v. ) is on deck at night except in imusual circumstances. The term ■watch is also used to designate the period of time during which a watch of men are on deck. This time is two or four hours. The watches are named as follows: mid-watch (midnight to 4 A.M.), morning watch (4 to 8 a.m.), forenoon watch (8 A.M. to noon), afternoon watch (noon to 4 P.M.), first dog-watch (4 to 6 p.m.), second dog-watch (6 to S p.m.), first watch (8 p.m. to midnight ) . The dog-watches are designed to shift the order of the watch so that the same men will not have the same watch every night. WATCH AND WARD. In the old English law a phrase employed to describe the supervision and care of police ofiicials. See Blackstone's Commentaries. WATCH HILL. A summer-resort in the (own of Westerly, K. I. See Westebly. WATCH OFFICER. Oflicers who have charge of the ship at sea are termed watch of- ficers. The number of such ollicers depends upon the character of the vessel. In many large transatlantic steamers there are usually two of- li(<'rs on watch at a time. In large naval vessels midshipmen act as junior ollicers of the watch under the regular watch ollicers, who are lieu- tenants or ensigns. The watch ollicer actually on duty is called the ofiicer of the deck or ollicer of the watch. WATER, HjO. A chemical compound of hydrogen and o.vygen, formed by the union of two volumes of the former with one of the lat- ter, or, what is the same, containing 11.130 per cent, by weight of hydrogen and 88.804 per cent, of o.xygen. (See Chemistry, especially historical section.) It is formed by the direct explosive union of its elements at a somewhat elevated temperature. This, however, need not be main- tained, during the reaction, by the introduction of heat from outside sources; for the heat de- veloped by the reaction itself (67,000 gram- calories for every 18 grams of water formed) is not only sullicient to maintain the temperature necessary for combination, but, in the absence of indifl'erent gases or of an excess of one of the reacting gases, raises the temperature to 2844° C. (.5151° F. ). At this temperature about one- third of the reacting gases comliinc. the other two-thirds combining gratlually during the subse- quent cooling. The reaction may be started by platinum sponge or platinum black (forms of fine- ly divided platinum), or other catalj'tic agents (see Catalytic Action) , .such as charcoal, pumice stone, porcelain, rock crystal, glass, etc. ; with some of these substances, however, it is neces- sary besides to apply heat, although the initial temperature need not be quite so high as in their absence. Liquid Water. Water is well known in the three states of aggregation — liquid, solid, and gaseous. Under normal atmospheric pressure, water is liquid between 0° C. (32° F.), its freez- ing point, and 100° C. (212° F.), its boiling point. Its greatest density is at about 4° C. (30.2° F.), at which temperature one cubic cen- timeter weighs, ill vacuo, one gram. Its specific heat exceeds that of any other substance except hydrogen, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram from 18° to 19° C. being the most generally adopted luiit of heat — the so-called gram-calorie. Water is practically incompressible, one million volumes becoming less by only fifty volumes when the atmospheric pressure is doubled. When viewed through lay- ers of considerable height, pure water is seen to possess a bluish tinge. Soft potable waters have a brownish color. Water containing traces of calcium carbonate in suspension appears opaque if viewed through a sufficiently high column : but the opacity is gradually destroyed if carbonic acid gas is passed into the water, the color of the latter meanwhile changing gradually through brown, yellow, and green, to blue. On the strength of this observation, it has been sug- gested that the colors of natural waters may be