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WATERLOO. 344 WATER METERS. a partial list of works relating to the campaign, and the important documents and dispatches are given in appendices. J. W. de Peyster published in >'ev York three pamphlets, lla^erioo, the Campaign and Battle; ^Vat€rloo, more properly Belle Alliaiice; and The Prussians in the Cam- paign of Waterloo, and also a list of Authorities (New York, 1894), which will be of some service to the student. A bibliography of the campaign with critical estimates was prepared in 1875 bv Justin Winsor, and published in Bulletin Xo. 35 of the Public Librarj' of the City of Boston. Colonel Chesney's Waterloo Lectures are accompanied bv a list" of authorities cited. J. Shaw Keniu'dy". yotes on the Battle of Waterloo (London. 1SG5). is cited as an authority on the tactics of the battle. Maurice, War (ib., 1891), contains in the appendix a reference list for the campaign of Waterloo, with comments and esti- mates. The classic account by Thiers, Waterloo (Paris, 1862), is unreliable and colored strongly by the' author's admiration for Napoleon. The same is true of La Tour d'Auvcrgne, Waterloo (ib.. 1870). Charras. Histoire de la campagne de 1815 (Leipzig), and Quinet, Histoire de la cam- pagne de ISl'i (Paris, 1862), are almost equally severe in their criticism of Napoleon. Consult also Houssaye. lS15-Waterloo (Paris, 1898). In addition to that of Ropes, the most valuable works in English are Chesney, Waterloo Lec- tures (London, 1874) ; Gardner, Quatre-Bras, Ligny, and Waterloo (ib.. 1882) ; O'Connor Mor- ris, The Campaign of ISlo (ib., 1900), the most recent contribution to the subject, and Siborne, History of the War in France and Belgium in 1815 (ib., 1844). H. T. Siborne has also pub- lished a valuable collection of Waterloo Letters (London. 1891). side-lights on the campaign from the correspondence of British officers. In German are Clausewitz, Der Feldzug von 1815 in Frankreich (Berlin, 1862), and Ollsch, Ge- schichte des Feldznges von 1815 nach archival- ischen Quellen (ib., 1876). The student of the campaign will find in these works expression of the different views upon the campaign, and an examination of the reference lists mentioned and of the critical notes of different writers will guide him in a fuller search of the primary and secondary sources. See Napoleon I. WATERLOO BRIDGE. A fine stone bridge over the Thames at London, built by private en- terprise in 1811-1817 from designs by John Rennie and sold to the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1878. It rests upon nine arches and has a length of 1380 feet, and a breadth of 42 feet. WATERLOO-WITH-SEA'FORTH. A town on the soulliwest coast of Lancashire, England, five miles north-northwest of Liverpool (Map: England, C .3). It is a favorite seaside suburb for Liverpool merchants. Population, in 1891, 17,225; in 1901, 23,101. WATERMAN, wn'ter-man, MARcrs (1834 — ). All .Aiiurican artist, born at Providence, E. I., and educated at Brown, where he grad- uated in 1855. From 1857 to 1870 he worked in New York City, where, in 1861, ho was elected associate of the National Academy, He visited Algeria and Spain and made a specialty of Amer- ican forest scones and Arabian subjects. His pictures include "Gulliver in Lilliput," which was exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in 1876, "The Roc's Egg" ( 1886), and "The Journey , to the City of Brass." WATERMELON. An annual vine, Citrullut vulgaris, of the natural order Cucurbitaceae, native of tropical Africa, and extensively culti- vated in warm climates, particularly in South- ern Russia and in the United States, where more than 200,000 acres, especially in Texas, Georgia, and Missouri, are annually devoted to it, the refreshing red, greenish, or yellow pulp of its ripe fruit, which weighs from 20 to 50 pounds and even much more under special man- agement, contains about 93 per cent, water and 2 per cent, sugar, to obtain which latter experi- ments have been made, but without commercial success. A verj' large number of varieties, espe- cially red-fleshed ones, are in cultivation. The white-fleslied, ratlicr solid form used largely in preserving is generally known as a 'citron' or 'preserving melon.' The watermelon is sensitive to frost and is easily stunted in growth by cold. It thrives best in a rich, warm, sandy loam well supplied with humus. In its culture 15 to 20 seeds are planted about two inches deep in well- manured hills spaced 10 to 12 feet apart each wav. After the plants get well established they are thinned out to 2 or 3 of the strongest vines in each hill. Many commercial growers plant the seed in rows IS feet apart and thin the plants to stand 3 to 4 feet apart in the row. By this method the fertilizers used can be easily culti- vated into the soil. Thorough cultivation is given until the running vines interfere. (See Melon Insects.) The ripe melons are shipped to Northern markets in box cars, the smallest melons beimr placed on the l^ottom, since they are less likely to bruise than the larger ones. The earliest melons reach the Northern market about the middle of May and the season continues until about Thanksgiving. See Plate of CrcuMBER Al- lies. WATER METERS. Instruments used to measure and automatically record the quantity of water or otlicr liquid (lowing through pipes. They are divided into three general classes known as the positive, inferential, and proportional. The positive meter measures the actual volume of water passing through pipes with which it is connected. The inferential meter measures some element or factor of the flow, most generally the velocity. The propor- tional meter measures a fractional part of the full flow, thus making it possible to use a rela- tively small meter, set on a liy-pnss or pipe branching from and again joining the main pipe. It is used but little. Positive meters are provided with recipro- cating or rotary pistons, or else with an oscil- lating or g>'rating disk piston. In all three classes of positive meters each complete move- ment corresponds to the filling and emptying of a chamber or series of chambers of known size. There is no escape for the water until it has actuated the piston. The reciiirncating pis- tons may be single or double. If double, as is generally the case, each piston efTects the re- ciprocal action of the other, much the same as in a duplex pump. (See I'l Mi's and Pumptnq jIa('iii.nkky.) If single, the return stroke is ef- fected by means of a weight or spring. The