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WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY. 438 WEST INEZES. tablished iu 1888; the Department of Graduate Instruction, established in 1888; the iledical College, formerly the Cleveland Medical College, founded in 1844; the Franklin T. Backus Law School, opened in 1892; the Dental Depart- ment, established in 1892; and the Library School, opened in 1904. The university con- fers the degrees of B.A., B.L., B.Ph., LL.B., M.A., Ph.D., M.D., and D.D.S. In 1902 the students in all departments numbered 780, with a teaching force of 153. The library had 48..000 volumes. The campus, occupying 22 acres, is situated in the midst of the eitv's park system, and with the buildings was valued in 1902 at .$1,451,000. The endowment in 1902 was $1,300,000; the in- come was $238,000, and the property was valued at $2,751,000. The school for the training of li- brarians was made possible in 1904 by Mr. -Andrew Carnegie's gift of $100,000. The school is to be organized as a postgraduate department of the university. WEST FARNHAM,. fam'am. A town of Canada. See Farnham. WEST'FIELD. A town, including several villages, in Hampden County, Mass., 9 miles west of Springfield, on the Westfield River, and on the Boston and Albany and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads (Map: Mas- sachusetts, B 3 ) . It is the seat of a State nor- mal school, and has the Westfield AtheniEum with more than 17.600 volumes. Xoble Hospital, and Woronoco Park. The town is chiefly en- gaged in manufacturing and is especially known for its extensive whip-making est.nblishments and cigar factories. There are also paper mills, machine shops, and manufactories of thread, boxes, brick, steam heating apparatus, organs, etc. The water-works, electric light plant, and gas plant are owned by the town. Settled as a trading post, probably as early as 1042, West- field was known as Woronoco until incorporated under its present name in 1669. Population, in 1890, 9805; in 1900, 12,310. Consult Holland, fjistory of Westcrti Massaclmsetts (Springfield, 18.55). WEST HAM. A municipality suburban to London, England. See Ham, East and West. WEST HARTLEPOOL, har't'lpool'. A mu- nicipal borough of Durham County, England, an extension of Hartl<'pool (q.v. ), and forming with that town the Parliamentarv borough and port of The Ilartlepools (Jlap: England, E 2). It was founded in 1847, and incorporated in 1887. It carries on an important trade with Baltic ports, exporting coke, cement, etc. Its harbors and docks cover 300 acres. The town has fine parks and public buildings. Population, in 1891, 42,800; in 1901, 02,000. WEST HAVEN. A borough in New Haven County. Conn., separated from New Haven by the West River, here spanned by a handsome bridge; on the New York, New Haven and Hart- ford Railroad (Map: Connecticut, D 4). It is chiefly a residential place, and has a fine town and borough hall, the LTnion School liuilding, and a public square, containing about seven acres. Manufacturing is the leading industry of the borough, the most important products be- ing pianos, buckles, safes, fertilizers, and hack saws. Savin Rock, in the southern part of the borough, on Long Island Sound, is a noted sum- mer resort. West Haven was a part of New Haven until 1822, when it was united with North Milford, the two forming the township of Orange. Population, in 1900, 52-17. WEST HO'BOKEN. A town in Hudson County, N. J., adjoining Jersey City and Ho- boken. It occupies an elevated site and com- mands an extended view. The Monastery Church is the principal architectural feature. West Hoboken is primarily noted for the manufacture of silk and silk goods. Other important products include braid, gloves, brush handles, artificial flowers, feathers, sashes, doors and blinds, etc. The cultivation of flowers and plants is also ex- tensively carried on. West Hoboken was orig- inally a part of Bergen, and was separately in- corporated in 1861. Population, in 1890, 11,665; in 1900, 23,094. WESTHOUGTON, west'hu'tun. A town in Lancashire, England, 5 miles southwest of Bolton. Coal-mining and the manufacture of silk and cotton goods and nails constitute the principal indu.stries. Population, in 1891, 12,042; in 1901, 14,377. WEST INDIES, in'diz. A large archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean between the North and South American continents. It consists of the Ba- hama Islands, a somewhat irregular group lyin" to the southeast of the peninsula of Florula and the Greater and Lesser Antilles (see Antilles), ii long chain of islands stretching in a great curve from the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico east- ward and southward to the mouths of the Or- inoco, and inclosing the Carilibean Sea between it and the mainland. The total area of the archipelago is about 92,000 square miles, of which the Greater Antilles alone take up over 82,000. With the exception of the Bahamas, which are low. of coral formation, the islands are nearly all mountainous. The Antilles are, in fact, the projecting remnants of a former mountain range which was similar in formation to the Central American Cordillera, and formed a continuous or nearly continuous bvidtre be- tween the northern and southern continents. The range consists of a core of crystalline rocks flanked by Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits, and these formations make up the larger portion of the Greater Antilles, but appear only sporad- ically in the Lesser Antilles, chiefly in the Virgin Islands, in the eastern half of Guadeloupe, and in Barbados and Trinidad. The other members of the Lesser Antilles owe their origin to a line of volcanic activity, and consist of recent, and gen- erally still aclive. volcanic cones. The West Indian cordillera culminates in Haiti at an alti- tude of over 10,000 feet, while in the Lesser Aniilles the maximum elevation is about 5000 feet. The climate of the West Indies is tropical, with an average mean temperature of 72° for the coldest and 80° for the warmest month, and average extremes of 54° and 100°. Tlie annual rainfall varies between 40 and 66 inches. Most of the rain is brought by the northeast trade wind, which is (be prevailing wind in summer. Hence the summer is the wet season, the winter months being comparativelv drv. as the winds then arc generally southeast. A peculiar feattire of the climate is the extremely violent hurri- canes which from time to time, generally between