Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 20.djvu/811

XENOCRATES. 691 XENOPHON. physics, and ethics; he also recognized three classes of essences, the sensible, the intelligible, and the intermediate, which can be yrasped by, the intellect and perceived by the senses. The sensible he taught was witliin the heavens, while that which was intelligible lay beyond. The in- ternediate or heavenly essence was identical with the heavens themselves, for it was possible to per- ceive these and to contemplate thcni scientifical- ly. The soul, he held, was self-moving num- ber, and happiness consisted in the possession of that virtue which is proper to the individual. He introduced into the teachings of the Academy the mystic Pythagorean doctrine of numbers more fully than it had been employed before, and combined these numbers with the I'latonic ideas. In person he was of irreproachal)le character, well balanced, and temperate in all things. His integrity was so unanimously known that an anecdote says that lie was absolved from the necessity of taking oath when obliged to give evidence, and that Philip of Macedon said that Xenocrates was the only ambassador who had ever come to him whose friendship he was not able to purchase. Famous also were his resist- ance to the charms of Lais, the celebrated Athenian heta?ra, and his success in converting the young roue Polemo into an earnest and vir- tuous man. Consult : Ritter and Preller, His- tnria Philosophiw Grwcw (8th ed., Gotha, 1898) ; Zeller, I'hilosophic der Gricchen (4th ed., vol. i., Leipzig, 1901) ; Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, vol. i. (Eng. trans., New York, 1872). XENOGAMY ( from Gk. ^hos, xenos, stranger, guest -- ydfiof, fifiinos, marriage). Cross-polli- nation between different individuals. Opposed to geitonogamy. See P0LLIX.T10N, XENON (Gk. i^mv, neu. sg. of l^^ot, xenos, foreign, strange, host ) . A gaseous element found in the atmosphere, in quantities of one part in 20,000,000 parts of air. It was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsay, who obtained it as a residuum in the distillation of liquid argon. Its density is about 64 and its atomic weight 128. According to Ramsay its boiling-point is — 109.1° C, and its melting-point — 140° C. The spectrum of xenon resembles that of argon. It is also analogous to argon in that its spectrum under- goes a remarkable change when a Leyden jar is put into the circuit, many new blue and green lines appearing, while other lines, mostly red, either disappear or lose much of their intensity. XENOPHANES, ze-nofo-nez (Lat.. from Gk. HeKo^rinjs) (second half of the sixth century B.C.). The founder of the Eleatic school of phi- losophy. He as born at Colophon, in Asia Minor, about 570, but early removed to Elea, in Lower Italy. He brought over from his home, which had been for many generations the city of the Homeric school of poetry, the practice of rhapsodic recitation : and after the manner of the genealogists he himself had composed a poem on the founding of Colophon (KoXo0ui>'os Krfcris), and a second on his removal to Elea ('ATroiKicrfid! tit 'EXiav TTJt 'IraMas). He also employed poetry to set forth his philosophic views in a work entitled On Xatvrc (Ilf/ii 4>weus). In this he zealously upheUl the monotheistic view and charged Homer and Hesiod with ascribing to the gods actions which would be disgraceful for mortals. He seems to have held that whatever is existent must have always existed from eternity without being derived from any prior elements; and that all nature is one, unlimited, and that all the parts of this unity must be similar, otherwise we should have multiplicity; that therefore this unity, which is infinite and eternal and homogeneous, cannot change; and further that God is of the same nature, all-per- vasive and c<imprehcnding all things within Himself. In another work, the Siilires C^iWoi), he attacks tlie <loctrines of oilier philosophers and poets. The fragments of his work are pub- lished by Bergk, Poctx Lyrici Gra'ci (4th ed., Leipzig, 1882) ; consult also: Ritter and Prel- ler, Historia Philosophice Grcecw (8th ed., Gotha, 1898) ; Zeller, Philosophie der Griechen (4th ed., Leipzig, 1900) ; id., Pre-Hocratic Philosophy (Eng. trans., London, 1881) ; Ueberweg. History of Philosophy (Eng. trans.. New York, 1872). ^XENOPHON, zen'6-fon (Lat., from Gk. . Zfi'o<j>u!i') (e.434-c. 3.5.5 B.C.). An Athenian his- torian, soldier and philosophical writer, the son of Gryllus, born near Athens. His own writings and the account in Diogenes Laertius are the chief sources for his biography. The legend that Socrates saved his life at Delium in B.C. 424 is incompatible with his representation of himself as quite a young man in 401. Our first authentic glimpse of him is as a disciple or companion of Socrates, at the end of the Peloponnesian War. An opportunity presented itself through his friend Pro.xenos, a captain of Greek mercenaries, to join or rather accompany the military expedition which Cyrus the Y'ounger was organizing against his brother, Artaxerxes, King of Persia, and Xenophon accepted the invitation. The historic significance of the expedition lies in the exploits of the ten thousand Greek mercenaries of Cyrus's army, who, encompassed by foes and betrayed by friends, after the assassination by Persian treachery of all their chief officers, made their way from the heart of a hostile empire to the shores of the Black Sea and so back to the Bos- porus, thus' demonstrating the weakness of the Persian colossus and preparing Greek public opinion for the conquests of Alexander. The history of the expedition is given in detail by Xenophon in his Anabasis (q.v. ) or niai-ch up of Cyrus, which in its last six books is rather a Catabasis or march down of the ten thou- sand. Xenophon takes virtual command and throughout plays the leading rule, but the work was published some thirty years after the events, and we have no means of verifying his state- ments. On reaching the Hellespont (399) Xeno- phon and the C.yrenians, after some more or less creditable adventures, entered the service of the Spartan Thibron and his successor Dercyllidas against the Persian satraps of Asia ISIinor. Be- cause of this or his participation in the expedi- tion of Cyrus the Athenians passed a decree of banishment against him. We next find Xeno- phon in the camp of the Spartan King Agesilaus, wlio in 396 went out to infuse new vigor into the war against the satraps. When the Corinthian War summoned Agesilaus back to Greece Xeno- phon accompanied him and was present as an eye- witness, if not as a participant, at the battle of Coronea, in which the Spartan King defeated the allied Theban and Athenian forces (394). After a few years' residence at Sparta the Spartans be-