PUBLIC LAW 101-510—NOV. 5, 1990 104 STAT. 1695 ment of Defense responsible for implementing and overseeing technological cooperation with Japan. (c) COOPERATION ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.— In light of the expressions in subsections (a) and (b), Congress urges and requests the President and directs the Secretary of Defense to pursue vigorously opportunities for the United States and Japan to cooperate in the development of technologies that benefit the security of both countries, particularly those technologies that have both commercial and military applications, commonly referred to as "dual-use" technologies. (d) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS. —(1) Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), of the funds authorized to be appropriated pursuant to section 201 for basic research, exploratory development, and advanced technology, $10,000,000 shall be available for research and development projects conducted jointly by the United States and Japan, pursuant to a memorandum of understanding or other formal agreement, for the purpose of— (A) developing new conventional defense equipment; or (B) modifying existing defense equipment to meet United States defense requirements. (2)(A) Funds made available for research and development projects under paragraph (1) may be obligated and expended for a particular research project only if the Secretary of Defense determines that— (i) the particular project will improve, through the application of emerging technology, the conventional defense capabilities of the United States and Japan; and (ii) the applicable memorandum of understanding or other formal agreement provides for the sharing of costs on an equitable basis. (B) The Secretary may delegate the performance of the responsibility to make determinations under subparagraph (A) only to the Deputy Secretary of Defense or the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition. (3) None of the funds made available for research and development projects under paragraph (1) may be used for research and development under the Strategic Defense Initiative. (e) STAFFING.— The Secretary of Defense is urged to increase the number of personnel assigned to the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (International Programs) for the specific purpose of providing oversight of the joint research and development projects of the United States and Japan for which funds are made available under subsection (d). SEC. 1455. PERMANENT CEILING ON UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES IN 10 USC 113 note. JAPAN AND CONTRIBUTIONS BY JAPAN TO THE SUPPORT OF UNITED STATES FORCES IN JAPAN (a) PURPOSE.—It is the purpose of this section to require Japan to offset the direct costs (other than pay and allowances for United States military and civilian personnel) incurred by the United States related to the presence of United States military personnel in Japan. (b) PERMANENT CEILING ON UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES IN JAPAN. — Funds appropriated pursuant to an authorization contained in this Act or any subsequent Act may not be used to support an end strength level of all personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States stationed in Japan at any level in excess of 50,000.
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