| Teachers | 29,244 |
| Hairdressers and manicurists | 12,660 |
| Housekeepers and stewards | 13,250 |
| Laundresses not in laundries | 283,557 |
| Laundry operatives | 21,084 |
| Midwives and nurses (not trained) | 13,888 |
| Servants | 401,381 |
| Waiters | 14,155 |
This has been the gift of labor, one of the greatest that the Negro has made to American nationality. It was in part involuntary, but whether given willingly or not, it was given and America profited by the gift. This labor was always of the highest economic and even spiritual importance. During the World War for instance, the most important single thing that America could do for the Allies was to furnish them with materials. The actual fighting of American troops, while important, was not nearly as important as American food and munitions; but this material must not only be supplied, it must be transported, handled and delivered in America and in France; and it was here that the Negro stevedore troops behind the battle line men who received no medals and little mention and were in fact despised as all manual workers have always been despised,—it was these men that made the victory of the Allies certain by their
