Page:Willich, A. F. M. - The Domestic Encyclopædia (Vol. 1, 1802).djvu/283

BER small pieces, and expressing the oil into a glass vessel. A fragrant water is distilled from the peel, as follows : Take the rind of three bergamot-pears, one gallon of pure spirit, and four pints of water; draw off a gallon in a balneum ma- ris, or water-bath, and add a suf- ficient quantity of refined -white sugar : or, take of the essence of bergamot three drams and a half, spirit of wine three pints, and of volatile sal ammoniac one dram ; distil off three pints in a similar manner. BERNE- MACHINE, an en- gine for rooting up trees, invented by P. Sommer, a native of Berne, in Switzerland. This machine consists of three principal parts : the beam, the ram, and the lever. The beam is composed of two planks of oak, three inches thick, and separated by two transverse pieces of the same wootj, of an equal thick- ness. These planks are perforated with holes to receive iron pins, upon which the lever a£ts be- tween the two sides of the beam, and is shifted higher as the tree is raised out of its place. The sides are secured at the top and bottom by strong iron hoops. The pins should be an inch and a quarter, and the holes through which they pass, an inch and a half in dia- meter. When the machine is in adtion, the bottom of the beam is secured by stakes driven into the earth. The ram, which is made of oak, elm, or some other strong wood, is capped with three strong iron spikes, which take fast hold of the tree. This ram is six or eight inches square ; and an inci- sion is made longitudinally through its middle, from the lower end to the first ferule, in order to allow BER [253 room for the chain to play round the pulley, which should be four inches thick, and nine inches in diameter. The ram is raised by means of the chain, which should be about ten feet long, with links four inches and three quarters in length, and one inch thick. One end of this chain is fastened to the top of the beam, while the other, after having passed through the lower part of the ram, and over the pulley, terminates in a ring or link, tire two ears of which serve to keep it in a true position between the two planks of the beam. The hook, which should be made of very tough iron, is inserted in this ring ; and the handle ought to be two inches thick where it joins to the hook, and gradually lessen in thickness up to the arch, which should be about half an inch in diameter. On each side of the upper pin is a semi-circular notch, which rests alternately on the pins, when the machine is worked. The hole and arch serve to fix a long lever of wood, by means of two iron pins, and thus it is raised or lowered at pleasure, in order to render the working of the machine easy, in whatever part of the beam it may be placed ; for, without this contrivance, the extremity of the lever would, when the handle is near the top of the beam, be higher than men standing upon the ground could reach. This machine is worked in the following manner : it is placed against a tree, and the end of ths beam supported by stakes. The iron handle is placed in the open- ing between the two planks of the beam, and the wooden lever fixed to it, by means of the iron pins. The hook takes hold of the chain, and one of the iron pins is thrust into