Page:Willich, A. F. M. - The Domestic Encyclopædia (Vol. 1, 1802).djvu/454

422] C AL scl, till it be changed into a black alkaline, coaly mass. This is call- ed, by chemists, the Hack flux, a double quantity of which, in pro- portion to the calces, or scoriae, exposed to a proper heat in a cru- cible, closely covered, will make them melt, and resume their me- tallic form. CALCULARY of a Pear, is a cluster of small, strong knots, which are dispersed through the whole of the parenchi/ma of the fruit. It is mostly found in rough- tasted, or choke-pears, of which it does not form any essential part ; as the several knots which com- pose it, are only so many concre- tions, or precipitations out of the sap, in a manner similar to that -seen in urine, wine., and other liquors. Calculus. See Stone. Calendar. See Kalendar. CALENDER, a machine em- ployed in manufactories to press woollen and silken stuffs, and li- nens, in order to make them smooth, even, and glossy, and also to give them waves, as is done with mohairs and tabbies. This apparatus consists of two thick cy- linders or rollers of very hard and well-polished wood, round which the stuffs intended to be calendered, are wound. The rollers are then placed cross-wise between two very thick boards, the lower of which serves as a fixed base, while the upper one. is moveable by means of a thick screw, with a rope fastened to a spindle that forms its axis : the uppermost board is also laden with large stones of above twenty thousand pounds weight. CALF, in zoology, the young of a cow. On account of its great utility, the means of rearing, feed- ing and improving this animal, C AL have from its earliest existence, ex- , ercised all the ingenuity of man- kind. There are two methods of feeding calves : the first is, to let them run about with their dam the whole of tire first year; a plan winch is generally acknowledged to be productive of the best cattle, and is pursued in counties where fodder is cheap. The other mode, is, to take them from the dam when about a fortnight old, from which, period they are " brought up by hand." Various plans have, with consi- derable success, been tried and re- commended for the rearing of calves, with a small allowance of milk, and in some cases without any. In several counties of Eng- land, calves, on being taken from the cows, are taught to drink luke- warm Jlct, or skimmed milk ; it being dangerous to give it them too hot. The time selected for this purpose, is from the latter end of January to the beginning of May, about twelve weeks after which, for nearly a month, they are fed with milk diluted with water. Small wisps of hay are then placed round them on cleft sticks, in order to induce them to eat. About the latter end of May, they are turned out to grass, being only taken in a few times at first, during die night, when they have milk and water, given them ; which is also conti- nued, though in less proportion, during the last month, till they are able to feed themselves, and conse- quently disregard it. Care is also taken to wean them with short and sweet grass ; for, if hay and water be used, they become liable to swellings and the rot. In other parts of England, a composition called linseed-milk is found to be of considerable utility for