Report on the Radiolaria/Sphaerophracta

by Ernst Haeckel

Order IV. ACANTHOPHRACTA, Richard Hertwig, 1879.

Acanthometræ cataphractæ, Johannes Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k.
⁠Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 12, 22, 49.
Dorataspida et Diploconida, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol.,
⁠pp. 404, 412.
Acanthophractida, Richard Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol.,
⁠pp. 25, 137.
Dorataspida, Diploconida, et Sphærocapsida, Haeckel, 1881,
⁠Prodromus, p. 467.

Definition.—Acantharia with complete latticed shell.

The order Acanthophracta, the fourth order of Radiolaria, comprises all those Acantharia in which the acanthinic skeleton is a complete latticed or fenestrated shell, supported by radial spines arising from one common central point. By the possession of such a complete shell the Acanthophracta differ from their ancestral group, the nearly allied Acanthometra, which represent the older and simpler, first order of Acantharia. All Acanthophracta are Icosacantha (like the Acanthonida, their ancestral group), and possess twenty radial spines disposed according to the Müllerian law (compare above, p. 717).

Johannes Müller, who first observed five representatives of this order, called a part of them "Acanthometræ cataphractæ," and united these with the true Acanthometra (Acanthometra costata and Acanthometra cataphracta; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1858, pp. 12, 49). Another part was united by him with the true Haliomma (Haliomma echinoides, Haliomma hystrix, Haliomma tabulatum; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1858, pp. 36, 37). He supposed that these latter formed the immediate transition from the true Acanthometra to the true Haliomma, and that their skeleton was siliceous.

In my Monograph (1862, p. 412) I founded a separate subfamily, Dorataspida, for the "Acanthometræ cataphractæ," which I considered as the first subfamily of the "Ommatida." That subfamily contained at that time only two genera, Dorataspis (with seven species) and Haliommatidium (with five species). A third genus, Aspidomma (with two species), was united by me with the Haliommatida (because of its double shell). For a fourth genus (Diploconus) with a single species I founded the peculiar family of Diploconida. Therefore the whole number of Acanthophracta described in my Monograph amounted only to four genera and fifteen species. Now the rich collections of the Challenger have added such a great number of new forms, that we may distinguish here thirty-eight genera and two hundred and twelve species.

Richard Hertwig in his excellent work (Der Organismus der Radiolarien, 1879, p. 25) separated his "Acanthophractida" perfectly from the "Ommatida" (or the siliceous Sphæroidea), and united them with the "Acanthometrida" in his order "Acanthometrea." But he separated them also from the nearly allied Diploconida, following my former arrangement. He distinctly noted that the skeleton in all these Acanthophractida (as well as in the Acanthometrida) consists not of silex but of the organic substance "acanthin."

The astonishing number of new and interesting forms of Acanthophracta which I have found in the rich collection of the Challenger enables me to distinguish now in this suborder six different families, two of which are perfectly new (the Sphærocapsida and the Hexalaspida). But the four other families also are so much enlarged that their interesting morphology appears in quite a new and clear light. Far the largest and most important of these six families is that of the true Dorataspida, which embraces seventeen genera and one hundred and eight species (more than the other five families together). From this largest and oldest ancestral family four other families have afterwards arisen, whilst a single family, the Sphærocapsida, seems to possess no direct phylogenetic connection with the five other families.

The peculiar and quite new family of Sphærocapsida (Pl. 133, figs. 7-11; Pl. 135, figs 6-10) differs from all other Acanthophracta in the singular structure of the spherical acanthinic shell, composed of innumerable small plates or aglets, each of which is pierced by a very small porule. This peculiar pavemented shell (enclosing the central capsule and separated from it by the jelly-like calymma) seems to be produced on the surface of the spherical calymma, immediately by secretion of the pseudopodia, and independently from the twenty radial spines, united in the centre of the sphere. On the twenty points, where the spines perforate the shell, there are originally eighty larger pores (four around each piercing spine); but there is no certain indication that the shell is produced by the meeting apophyses of the twenty spines, as is the case in the five other families of Acanthophracta. Therefore perhaps it is more natural to unite these latter into another suborder as Cladophracta, and to separate them from the Sphærocapsida, which may be called Capsophractæ.

The Dorataspida (Pls. 134-138), the common ancestral stock of the Cladophracta, in the definition here restricted embraces all those Acanthophracta in which the spherical lattice-shell is simple and composed of the meeting branches of twenty radial spines united in its centre. As already pointed out above, this family is probably diphyletic, and embraces two subfamilies which have been derived originally from two different forms of Acanthonida—the Diporaspida (with two opposite apophyses on each spine) derived from the Phractacanthida, and the Tessaraspida (with four crossed apophyses on each spine) derived from the Stauracanthida; in the former we find originally forty apophyses, in the latter eighty apophyses, by the meeting branches of which the spherical lattice-shell originates. The four following families of Acanthophracta have probably been derived from the Diporaspida.

The Phractopeltida (Pl. 133, figs. 1-6) differ from all other Acanthophracta in the possession of a double lattice-shell, composed of two concentric spheres which are united by the twenty radial spines meeting in the centre. As all Phractopeltida possess originally only two apophyses on each radial spine, they must be derived from the Diporaspida (Orophaspis), and bear to them the same relation as the Dyosphærida do to the Monosphærida. As the spherical central capsule of the Phractopeltida is enclosed between both shells, smaller than the outer, larger than the inner shell, the latter may be called "medullary shell," the former "cortical shell." This family represents among the Acanthophracta only the "Diplophracta," whilst all others are "Haplophracta."

The three families here characterised may be called together "Sphærophracta," as their central capsule and the enveloping shell are constantly spherical (or the shell sometimes an "endospherical polyhedron"). On the contrary the following three families of Acanthophracta may be united as "Prunophracta," as their central capsule and shell are never spherical, but either ellipsoidal or lenticular or of another form. The common ancestral stock of this suborder are the Belonaspida, in which the form of the central capsule and the enclosing lattice-shell is ellipsoidal; they are derived from the Dorataspida (and probably all from the subfamily Diporaspida) by the prolongation of two opposite radial spines which are larger than the eighteen others; they are the two equatorial spines of the "hydrotomical axis" (compare above, p. 719, and Pl. 136, figs. 6-9).

The Hexalaspida (Pl. 139) represent a new and very remarkable family, distinguished from all other Acanthophracta by the preponderating development of six stout radial spines, which are much larger than the fourteen others. These six principal spines lie in one meridian plane of the shell (in the "hydrotomical plane," p. 720), and are the two opposite equatorial spines and the four appertaining polar spines of the same plane. As the fourteen smaller spines develop their apophyses at smaller distances from the centre, the shell assumes a peculiar lenticular or discoidal form, and the margin of this disk bears the six larger spines. Moreover the enclosed small central capsule is lenticular. The Hexalaspida may be derived immediately from the Belonaspida.

The Diploconida (Pl. 140) form the last and the most modified family of all Acanthophracta. The remarkable shell exhibits the strange form of a double cone, bearing in its axis two very large opposite spines; these are the two equatorial spines of the "hydrotomical axis" (p. 719). The double-conical or nearly cylindrical shell is composed of three different parts or segments; the small middle part is the true lattice-shell of the Hexalaspida and Belonaspida, and bears the eighteen smaller (often quite rudimentary) radial spines. The two other parts (opposite on both poles of its hydrotomical axis) are the conical or cylindrical, solid, basal sheaths of the two large equatorial spines, enveloping their major part. In consequence of this peculiar metamorphosis of the shell the Diploconida represent the last and the most aberrant group of all Acantharia.

Synopsis of the Suborders and Families of Acanthophracta.

Suborder I. SPHÆROPHRACTA. Twenty radial spines of equal size. Shell spherical (or an endospherical polyhedron).	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Shell spherical, simple, pierced by twenty or eighty aspinal pores and composed of a pavement of innumerable very small plates or aglets, each pierced by one porule,	1. Sphærocapsida.
		Shell spherical, simple, composed of the meeting branches of two or four apophyses of the twenty radial spines,	2. Dorataspida.
		Shell spherical, double, composed of two concentric lattice-spheres, which are connected by the twenty radial spines and composed of the meeting branches of their apophyses,	3. Phractopeltida.
Suborder II. PRUNOPHRACTA. Twenty radial spines of unequal size; two or six hydrotomical spines much larger than the eighteen or fourteen others. Shell not spherical.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Shell ellipsoidal, with prolonged hydrotomical axis, the two spines of which are larger than the eighteen others,	4. Belonaspida.
		Shell lenticular or discoidal, with six larger spines placed in the hydrotomical plane (fourteen other spines much smaller),	5. Hexalaspida.
		Shell diploconical or nearly cylindrical, with two opposite large funnels, the sheaths of the enlarged two spines of the hydrotomical axis (eighteen other spines much smaller or rudimentary),	6. Diploconida.

Suborder I. SPHÆROPHRACTA, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell spherical, with twenty radial beams of equal size.

Family XXXIX. Sphærocapsida, Haeckel (Pl. 133, figs. 7-11; Pl. 135, figs. 6-10).

Sphærocapsida, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 469.

Definition.—Acantharia with simple spherical porous shell, composed of innumerable very small plates, each of which is pierced by one radial porule. Twenty radial spines of equal size meeting in the centre of the shell and disposed according to the Müllerian law of the Icosacantha, sometimes short and enclosed in the shell, at other times long and piercing it (rarely rudimentary or quite absent). Shell pierced therefore either by twenty larger perspinal pores or by eighty smaller aspinal pores. Central capsule spherical, enclosed in the porous shell.

The family Sphærocapsida, founded by me in 1881 for the single genus Sphærocapsa, represents a very peculiar and remarkable group of the Acanthophracta, very different from the five other families of this suborder, and probably derived, independently of them, directly from the Acanthonida. Whilst the lattice-shell of the five other families is composed of the meeting branches of lateral apophyses of the twenty spines, and its meshes are all or partly the intervals between these apophyses, in the Sphærocapsida the spherical shell has quite another structure, and is composed of innumerable small plates (each with one pore) which are secreted on the surface of the spherical calymma, independently of the twenty radial spines, which do not possess true apophyses.

In all Sphærocapsida the structure of the spherical shell is quite peculiar and different from that of all other Radiolaria. It is composed everywhere of innumerable very small plates or aglets, which are connected irregularly like paving-stones, and form a single continuous layer or pavement on the surface of the spherical calymma (Pl. 133, fig. 11, a; Pl. 135, figs. 8, 10). The small plates or paving-stones, which we will call "aglets," are connected at their meeting edges by a kind of cement, and form together with it a continuous thick capsule of acanthin. The form of the aglets is commonly more or less irregular, roundish or polygonal, sometimes longish (Pl. 133, fig 11, a), more rarely it becomes rather regular, hexagonal, square, or roundish (Pl. 135, fig. 8). Usually all aglets of one and the same individual are of nearly equal size, between 0.01 and 0.02 in diameter, rarely less or more. The outer face of the aglets is more or less concave, so that the elevated meeting edges of the neighbouring aglets commonly form together a prominent network of crests (Pl. 135, figs. 8, 10); rarely the meeting edges partly cover one another like squamules (Pl. 133, fig. 11, a). Each small plate or aglet is pierced in its centre by a single radial canalicule or porule. The dimpled surface, so produced, resembles somewhat the dimpled plates of Ceriaspis, &c. Different from these innumerable very small dimples of the surface are the twenty larger "spinal dimples," or the concave larger plates, which are originally pierced by the twenty radial spines. Before we describe these, we must examine the spines themselves.

The twenty radial spines of all observed Sphærocapsida (sixteen species) agree perfectly with those of the genus Acanthonia (p. 749), and especially with Acanthonia tetracopa, Acanthonia denticulata, &c. All twenty spines, regularly disposed according to the Müllerian law of the Icosacantha, are of equal size, constantly four-edged prismatic, of equal breadth throughout their whole length. The prominent four edges are parallel, sometimes smooth, at other times elegantly denticulated. The central bases of the twenty spines are pyramidal, without leaf-cross, and propped one upon another with their triangular faces, as in the majority of the Acanthonida.

The relation of the twenty radial spines to the spherical shell exhibits in the five genera described very peculiar and important differences. In the first described genus, in Sphærocapsa, the spines are exactly as long as the shell-radius, and therefore are not prominent over the surface of the shell, with which they are firmly connected; the truncated distal end of the spine lies therefore here in the surface of the shell itself, and is connected with it by its four edges, between which four open aspinal pores remain, as in Tessaraspis, &c. (Pl. 135, figs. 6-10). In the next allied genus, Astrocapsa (Pl. 133, figs. 9, 10), the spines are longer than the shell-radius, and therefore more or less prominent over its surface; the piercing part of each spine is also surrounded by four aspinal pores. In the two following genera, Porocapsa and Cannocapsa (Pl. 133, figs. 7, 8), the radial spines are shorter than the shell-radius and therefore quite hidden and withdrawn inside the shell, which they do not reach. But in the ideal prolongation of each spine the shell is pierced by a single large opening, the "perspinal pore" or "perspinal hole," composed of the four united aspinal pores. Whilst in Porocapsa the perspinal pores are simple, they are prolonged in Cannocapsa into cylindrical tubes, open at both ends. The twenty perspinal holes of these Porocapsida are therefore derived by confluence of the eighty original aspinal pores of the Astrocapsida and preserve the same regular disposition, according to the Müllerian law of the Icosacantha. Finally, the same law as is valid also in the last genus is found in Cenocapsa; here the radial spines have completely disappeared, and the whole skeleton is a simple sphere, but of the same structure, and with the same twenty perspinal pores as in Porocapsa. It is very interesting that this spineless Cenocapsa among the Acantharia exhibits the same shell (a simple hollow sphere) as a last reduced form, which Cenosphæra among the Sphærellaria produces as a primitive ancestral form of numerous genera.

The Central Capsule of the Sphærocapsida is spherical, constantly smaller than the enclosing concentric shell, and separated from it by the calymma. Its structure seems to be the same as in the Acanthonida, and specially in the Astrolonchida. The pseudopodia (not yet observed) are probably protruded only through the twenty perspinal holes or the eighty aspinal pores.

Synopsis of the Genera of Sphærocapsida.

III. Subfamily Astrocapsida. Radial spines connected with the porous shell, as long or longer than its radius. Eighty aspinal pores.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Spines as long as the radius, without external prolongation,	344. Sphærocapsa.
		Spines longer than the radius, with external prolongation,	345. Astrocapsa.
III. Subfamily Porocapsida. Radial spines not connected with the porous shell, shorter than its radius. Twenty perspinal pores.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Perspinal holes of the shell simple, without external prolongation,	346. Porocapsa.
		Perspinal holes of the shell prolonged into radial centrifugal tubuli,	347. Cannocapsa.
III. Subfamily Cenocapsida. Radial spines disappeared.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Twenty perspinal holes of the shell simple, without tubular prolongation,	348. Cenocapsa.

Subfamily 1. Astrocapsida, Haeckel.

Definition.—Radial spines connected with the porous shell, as long as or longer than its radius. Therefore the shell pierced by eighty aspinal pores (four around each spine).

Genus 344. Sphærocapsa,^[1] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 469.

Definition.—Sphærocapsida with twenty radial spines as long as the radius of the shell, without external prolongation; therefore their distal ends inserted in the perspinal holes, each of which is composed of four aspinal pores.

The genus Sphærocapsa is the most common form of the Sphærocapsida, and comprises those species in which the radial spines are as long as the radius of the shell, and therefore are connected with the margin of its aspinal holes, but not prolonged beyond its surface.

1. Sphærocapsa cruciata, n. sp. (Pl. 135, figs. 6, 7).

Aspinal holes nearly circular, with flat radially striated margin. Four aspinal pores of each hole rounded equilateral triangular. Porules of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, of the central capsule 0.3 to 0.4.

Habitat.—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), 1880, John Murray, surface.

2. Sphærocapsa dentata, n. sp. (Pl. 135, fig. 9).

Aspinal holes four-lobed, with broad concave margin denticulated on the periphery. Four aspinal pores of each hole pear-shaped, oblong, elevated in the centre. Porules of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines denticulate.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, of the central capsule 0.2 to 0.3.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.

3. Sphærocapsa quadrata, n. sp. (Pl. 135, fig. 8).

Aspinal holes square, with concave umbilicus in the centre, surrounded by a convex denticulated margin. Four aspinal pores of each hole nearly square. Shell-porules with a polygonal elevated smooth ring, in the bottom of a shallow dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.22, of the central capsule 0.17.

Habitat.—Indian Ocean, south of Australia, Station 159, surface.

4. Sphærocapsa pavimentata, n. sp. (Pl. 135, fig. 10).

Aspinal holes four-lobed, with broad concave, irregularly crenated and figured margin. Four aspinal pores of each hole violin-shaped. Porules of the shell surrounded by an irregularly oblong ring with thick elevated, elegantly crenated margin. Four edges of the spines smooth.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.36, of the central capsule 0.3.

Habitat.—South-east Pacific (off Valparaiso), Station 298, surface.

Genus 345. Astrocapsa,^[2] n. gen.

Definition.—Sphærocapsida with twenty radial spines longer than the radius of the shell, piercing its perspinal holes, with free external prolongation; therefore with four aspinal pores around each spine.

The genus Astrocapsa differs from the preceding Sphærocapsa in the external prolongation of the radial spines piercing the perspinal holes; it assumes therefore the common shape of the Dorataspida more than the other Sphærocapsida do.

1. Astrocapsa tritonis, n. sp.

Aspinal holes circular, with smooth convex margin and four circular aspinal pores. Porules of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth, their outer free part about as long as the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.25; outer length of the spines 0.3.

Habitat.—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel, Gulf Stream (expedition of H.M.S "Triton," August, 1882), John Murray, surface.

2. Astrocapsa stellata, n. sp. (Pl. 133, fig. 10).

Aspinal holes cruciform, with high crenated margin. Four aspinal pores of each hole egg-shaped. Porules of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines denticulate; their outer free part twice to three times as long as the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.36; outer length of the spines 0.5 to 0.8.

Habitat.—Antarctic Ocean (near Kerguelen), Station 152, surface.

3. Astrocapsa quadrifida, n. sp.

Aspinal holes four-lobed, with four prominent teeth between the four roundish aspinal pores. Porules of the shell surrounded by a high polygonal smooth ring. Four edges of the spines denticulate; their outer free part about as long as the radius of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.28; outer length of the spines 0.15.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 241, surface.

4. Astrocapsa coronata, n. sp. (Pl. 133, fig. 9).

Aspinal holes circular, with a coronet of numerous thin parallel teeth. Porules of the shell in dimples on irregular polygonal small plates, with coronated ring. Four edges of the spines denticulate; their outer free part about twice as long as the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.5 ; outer length of the spines 1.0 to 1.2.

Habitat.—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel, Gulf Stream (expedition of the "Knight Errant," 1880), John Murray, surface and at depths varying from 10 to 200 fathoms.

Subfamily 2. Porocapsida, Haeckel.

Definition.—Radial spines not connected with the porous shell, shorter than its radius; therefore the shell pierced by twenty perspinal pores (each one in the ideal radial prolongation of one spine).

Genus 346. Porocapsa,^[3] n. gen.

Definition.—Sphærocapsida with twenty radial spines shorter than the radius of the shell; therefore their distal ends not connected with the twenty perspinal holes, which are simple, not prolonged into radial tubes.

The genus Porocapsa and the following Cannocapsa form together the small sub-family of Porocapsida, distinguished by the peculiar reduction or retrograde development of the twenty radial spines; all these twenty are present and disposed according to the Müllerian law of the Icosacantha, but they are shorter than the radius of the shell and therefore do not reach it. In the ideal prolongation of the spines the shell is pierced by twenty simple quadrangular or circular perspinal holes.

1. Porocapsa murrayana, n. sp. (Pl. 133, fig 7).

Perspinal holes cruciform, with smooth thickened margin or with four short teeth between the four lobes. Porules of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth. (Differs from Sphærocapsa cruciata, Pl. 135, figs. 6, 7, living in the same locality, mainly in the reduction of the radial spines, which do not reach the shell.)

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.28; length of the spines 0.2.

Habitat.—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel, Gulf Stream (expedition of H.M.S. "Triton," August 1882), John Murray, surface and in depths from 40 to 640 fathoms.

2. Porocapsa tetrodon, n. sp.

Perspinal holes cruciform, with four triangular prominent teeth between the four lobes of the cross. Porules of the shell with an elevated polygonal ring, in the bottom of a dimple. Four edges of the spines elegantly denticulate.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.36; length of the spines 0.12.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 253, surface.

3. Porocapsa octodon, n. sp.

Perspinal holes square, with four larger prominent teeth on the sides of the square, and four smaller teeth on its corners. Porules of the shell surrounded by an elevated ring with elegantly crenated irregular margin. Four edges of the spines smooth.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.48; length of the spines 0.18.

Habitat.—Arctic Ocean (Greenland), in the contents of the stomach of the Peromedusa, Periphylla hyacinthina.

4. Porocapsa coronodon, n. sp.

Perspinal holes circular, with ciliated margin, which forms a crown of sixteen to twenty-four thin parallel teeth. Poruli of the shell surrounded by an elevated ring with high crenated margin. Four edges of the spines denticulate.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.55; length of the spines 0.15.

Habitat.—Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.

Genus 347. Cannocapsa,^[4] n. gen.

Definition.—Sphærocapsida with twenty radial spines shorter than the radius of the shell; therefore their distal ends not connected with the twenty perspinal holes, which are prolonged outside into radial tubes (each one in the radial ideal prolongation of one inner spine).

The genus Cannocapsa, exhibits the same peculiar reduction of the radial spines as the foregoing Porocapsa; the spines are also here shorter than the shell-radius and do not therefore reach the perspinal holes of the shell. But whilst these latter are simple in Porocapsa, they are prolonged into radial tubules in Cannocapsa; the outer surface bears therefore twenty such cylindrical tubules, separated by a short distance from the inner enclosed spines, but disposed quite regularly according to the law of Icosacantha.

1. Cannocapsa osculata, n. sp.

Perspinal holes prolonged into short cylindrical tubuli, the length of which about equals their diameter. Both ends of the tubuli with smooth thickened margin. Poruli of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth; their length equals about four-fifths of the shell-radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.24; length of the spines 0.09, of the tubuli 0.01.

Habitat.—North Atlantic, Færöe Channel (Gulf Stream), surface, John Murray.

2. Cannocapsa stethoscopium, n. sp. (Pl. 133, fig. 8).

Perspinal holes prolonged into cylindrical tubuli, half as long as the shell radius. Both ends of the tubuli with smooth thin trumpet-shaped margins. Poruli of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth; their length about equals three-fourths of the shell-radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the spines 0.08, of the tubuli 0.05.

Habitat.—South Atlantic (west of Tristan da Cunha), Station 333, surface.

3. Cannocapsa tubulosa, n. sp.

Perspinal holes prolonged into cylindrical tubuli, which are as long as or longer then the shell-radius. Both ends of the tubuli with smooth thickened margin. Poruli of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth; their length scarcely equals half the shell-radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15; length of the spines 0.03, of the tubuli 0.08.

Habitat.—South Atlantic (east coast of Patagonia), Station 318, surface.

Subfamily 3. Cenocapsida, Haeckel.

Definition.—Radial spines completely reduced and absent; shell cavity therefore simple; shell pierced by twenty perspinal pores (each placed in the direction of one radial spine which has disappeared).

Genus 348. Cenocapsa,^[5] n. gen.

Definition.—-Sphærocapsida without radial spines, with simple cavity of the spherical shell, which is pierced by twenty perspinal holes (each one placed in the radial direction of one spine which has disappeared).

The genus Cenocapsa comprises only a single species, but is very remarkable in that it is the most reduced form among all Sphærocapsida. The twenty radial spines of the Icosacantha have perfectly disappeared by complete retrograde metamorphosis, and the only evidence of their former existence (in the ancestral genus Porocapsa) are the twenty perspinal holes remaining in the shell. Cenocapsa is the only form of Acantharia which possesses no radial spines.

1. Cenocapsa nirvana, n. sp. (133, fig. 11, 11a, 11c).

Perspinal holes four-lobed, cruciform, with four short triangular teeth between the four lobes of the cross. Poruli of the shell in the bottom of an elliptical dimple surrounded by an elevated ring.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, of the aspinal holes 0.02.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 248, surface.

Family XL. Dorataspida, Haeckel (Pls. 134-138).

Dorataspida, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 412.

Definition.—Acantharia with simple spherical lattice-shell, composed of the branched apophyses of twenty equal radial spines meeting in its centre and disposed according to the Müllerian law of Icosacantha. Central capsule spherical, enclosed in the fenestrated shell.

The family Dorataspida is the most important family of the Acanthophracta, or of those Acantharia in which the radial spines are connected by a complete extracapsular lattice-shell. The Dorataspida represent probably the ancestral stock of this whole order, with the exception of the Sphærocapsida. The four following families of the order may be easily derived from the Dorataspida. The number of genera (seventeen) and of species (one hundred and eight) is in this family greater than in the other five families together. When I constituted that family in my Monograph 1862, it comprised only one genus, Dorataspis, with seven species. The nearly allied genus Haliommatidium (Phatnaspis) belongs to the Belonaspida.

The Dorataspida differ from the other Acanthophracta in the simple spherical lattice-shell, which is composed of the meeting apophyses of the twenty radial spines. In three other families of the suborder the shell is not spherical, but ellipsoidal (Belonaspida), discoidal (Hexalaspida), or diploconical (Diploconida). In the Phractopeltida the spherical shell is double, composed of two concentric lattice-spheres. In the Sphærocapsida the simple spherical shell is not composed of the apophyses of the spines, but of innumerable small plates.

The family Dorataspida may be divided into two very different subfamilies, which are probably derived, independently of one another, from two different subfamilies of the Astrolonchida. The first subfamily, Diporaspida, exhibits on each radial spine two opposite apophyses, like its ancestral group, the Phractacanthida (p. 753); whereas the second subfamily, Tessaraspida, possesses on each radial spine four crossed apophyses (opposite in pairs), like its ancestral group, the Stauracanthida (p. 758). Therefore the composition of the spherical shell, produced by the meeting branches of the tangential apophyses, is essentially different in the two subfamilies: in the Diporaspida each radial spine is surrounded by two opposite primary aspinal meshes, in the Tessaraspida by four crossed primary aspinal meshes.

Another principle of division may be established for the whole family by the different mode of composition of the shell, and regarding this important difference we may distinguish also two different subfamilies as Cladophracta and Peltophracta. In the first and simpler subfamily, the Cladophracta, the shell is composed totally (or sometimes partially) of the meeting branches of the apophyses of the neighbouring spines; but in each single spine (or in the most part of them) the branches of the apophyses are not united, and form no lattice-plate (Pl. 137, figs. 1 to 8). Whereas in the Peltophracta the shell is composed constantly of twenty perforated plates, as in each single spine the branches of its apophyses are united and form a fenestrated shield with two or four (and sometimes numerous) pores (Pls. 135, 136, 138).

In the Diporaspida as well as in the Tessaraspida we find numerous representatives of the two groups of the Cladophracta and of the Peltophracta; therefore the whole family of Dorataspida may be divided into four different tribes. The Diporaspida (with two opposite apophyses on each spine) are partly Cladophracta (the Phractaspida, Pl. 137, figs. 1-4), partly Peltophracta (the Ceriaspida, Pl. 138). On the other hand the Tessaraspida (with four crossed apophyses on each spine) are also partly Cladophracta (the Stauraspida, Pl. 137, figs. 5-8), partly Peltophracta (the Lychnaspida, Pls. 135-136). The differences and relations of these tribes are placed synoptically in the following table:—

Synopsis of the four tribes of Dorataspida.	A. Diporaspida. Two opposite apophyses on each radial spine. Two primary aspinal meshes.	B. Tessaraspida. Four crossed apophyses on each radial spine. Four primary spinal meshes.
a. Cladophracta All twenty spines (or a part of them) without lattice-plates.	1. Tribe Phractaspida.	3. Tribe Stauraspida.
b. Peltophracta All twenty spines with lattice-plates.	2. Tribe Ceriaspida.	4. Tribe Lychnaspida.

All Dorataspida are true Icosacantha, and the twenty spines, composing the spherical shell, are equally developed, regularly disposed according to the Müllerian law, and of equal size; also the distance of their plates from the common centre is equal. Nevertheless they are never of perfectly the same form; in consequence of their peculiar disposition in five zones (each with four spines) certain slight differences are effected, so that with accurate knowledge of the peculiar shell-composition it is generally not difficult to distinguish the spines of the equatorial, the two tropical, and the two polar zones.

Already the central bases, by which the twenty spines are united in the centre of the sphere, exhibit certain differences in the five zones. Commonly these bases are small pyramids, all meeting with their apex in the centre, and the triangular faces of the neighbouring pyramids are supported one upon another. The four equatorial pyramids are commonly six-sided, the other sixteen five-sided; but sometimes there are eight six-sided and twelve five-sided basal pyramids; two opposite polar spines on each pole having a six-sided base (like the four equatorial), the other two polar spines on each pole having a five-sided base (like the eight tropical). Rarely the central bases are perfectly grown together, forming a single spherical central piece of acanthin.

The three different fundamental forms of radial spines, which are found in all Acantharia, the cylindrical, the two-edged, and the four-edged (spines with circular, with elliptical, and with square transverse section respectively) occur also in the different groups of Dorataspida; but commonly the two-edged or compressed form is prevalent in the Diporaspida, the four-edged or quadrangular form in the Tessaraspida. In the majority of species the spines are thickened in the shell-face, where the apophyses arise, and thinner towards the two ends. Usually the outer or distal part of the spine (outside the shell) is longer than the inner or proximal part (inside the shell). The distal apex is commonly simple, conical or pyramidal, rarely bifid or truncate. The edges of the spines are commonly smooth, rarely denticulate or serrate.

The apophyses, or the lateral transverse processes of the radial spines, in the Dorataspida assume the greatest variety and complexity in form, size, mode of ramification, and in composition of the shell. An expert and practised observer may determine easily the range of each spine, whether it be an equatorial (c), or a tropical (b, d), or a polar spine (a, e, Pls. 133-138). The two opposite apophyses of the Diporaspida, as well as the four crossed apophyses of the Tessaraspida, lie constantly in certain meridian planes of the spine, which have a legitimate signification for each of the five zones. The comparative morphology of this regular disposition of the apophyses and the regular meeting of their branches is of the greatest interest, and necessary for the complete understanding of the complicated structure of these wonderful shells.

The pores or meshes of the spherical shell, offering the most varied forms, may generally be divided into two different groups, into sutural and parmal meshes. The sutural pores are bordered by the meeting branches of the apophyses of two, three, or four neighbouring spines, and therefore also by the sutures in which they meet. The parmal pores on the other hand are bordered only by the united branches of the apophyses of a single spine and pierce the shield or lattice-plate formed by them. Therefore the shell-meshes of the Cladophracta are all sutural pores (Pl. 137, figs. 1-8; rarely and only in a part of the spines parmal pores also: Zonaspis, Dodecaspis); whereas the shell-meshes of the Peltophracta, piercing the shields or lattice-plates of all twenty spines, are always partly sutural, partly parmal pores (Pls. 135, 136, 138). The parmal pores again may be divided into two different groups—aspinal and coronal pores. Aspinal pores ("ad spinam") are those which lie immediately on the sides of the radial spine and are bordered by the primary branches of its apophyses; therefore constantly only two in the Diporaspida, four in the Tessaraspida. Coronal pores on the contrary are those which lie in the periphery of the lattice-plates, surrounding in a circle or crown the aspinal pores and not touching the spine itself. In Dorataspis, Ceriaspis, Tessaraspis, Lychnaspis, &c., all parmal meshes are only aspinal pores (Pl. 135, figs. 2-5; Pl. 136); whilst in Coscinaspis, Acontaspis, Icosaspis, Hylaspis, &c., one part of the parmal pores is aspinal, one part coronal (Pl. 136). The number, form, and size of the coronal pores is very variable and often very large (sometimes more than a hundred in one plate).

The Cladophracta exhibit a comparatively simple shell-formation; either all twenty spines or at least a part of them not forming lattice-plates. The most primitive form among these is Phractaspis (Pl. 137, figs. 1, 2). The forty apophyses of its twenty spines are simply forked, and their eighty fork-branches united by forty sutures, enclosing twenty-two sutural meshes: two square polar meshes (between the four polar spines on the poles of the spineless axis, a a a a and e e e e); eight triangular circumpolar meshes (each between two polar and one tropical spine, a b a and e d e); eight quadrangular tropical meshes (each between one polar, one equatorial, and two tropical spines, a b c b and e d c d); and four rhomboidal equatorial meshes (between two tropical and two equatorial spines, c b c d). If the fork-branches be again forked (Phractaspidium, Pl. 137, fig. 3), the number of the sutures and sutural meshes is doubled, and the same is the case in Stauraspis, the most simple form of the Tessaraspida.

A peculiar small group, and an interesting transition for the Cladophracta to the Peltophracta, is presented by the Zonaspida among the Tessaraspida (Zonaspis and Dodecaspis). Here only one part of the radial spines bears lattice-plates, the other part not. In Zonaspis the four equatorial spines bear lattice-plates, the sixteen other only free branches of the apophyses. In Dodecaspis twelve spines are provided with lattice-plates (four equatorial and eight polar spines), whilst the eight other (tropical) spines are devoid of them.

The Peltophracta exhibit a great variety in the form and composition of their twenty lattice-plates or fenestrated shields. In the most simple case (a part of Dorataspis and Diporaspis) the shell is composed of four (equatorial) hexagonal plates, and sixteen pentagonal plates (four tropical and four polar); in this case the four polar plates meet on each pole in one common point. More commonly, however, the shell seems to be composed of eight hexagonal plates (four equatorial and the four polar spines of the hydrotomical plane) and twelve pentagonal plates (eight tropical and the four polar spines of the geotomical plane); in this case only two (hexagonal) polar plates meet on each pole in a suture which separates the two other (pentagonal) polar plates (Pl. 138, fig. 4). In the majority of the Dorataspida the composition of the shell is much more complicated and often very difficult to understand. Often the surface of the plates is covered with a network of elevated crests, by which concave blind dimples are separated (Ceriaspis, Hystrichaspis, Pl. 138); and sometimes these dimples become pierced by coronal pores (Pl. 138, fig. 11, &c.).

Peculiar by-spines or "accessory spines" cover the outer surface of the shell in a great part of Dorataspida, and commonly these most characteristic by-spines are not placed radially, but parallel to the radial spine, from the lattice-plate of which they arise (Pl. 135, figs. 1, 5; Pl. 137, figs. 4-8; Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, Taf. xxi. figs. 8, 9). They are commonly placed perpendicular to the sutural condyles, or the branch-ends of the apophyses; so that close to each suture arises a pair of divergent by-spines, belonging to the meeting apophyses of the two neighbouring spines, which meet in the suture (Pl. 137, fig. 4). Rarely these thin, bristle-shaped by-spines are quite simple and straight, commonly they undulate or are zigzag and often armed with recurved hooks. Sometimes they are also forked or arborescent (Pl. 138, fig. 7).

The Central Capsule of the Dorataspida is constantly spherical and about one-third smaller than the enclosing shell, from which it is separated by the spherical calymma. The membrane of the central capsule is commonly rather thin, and pierced by the twenty radial spines, meeting in the centre of the capsule. Between these lie innumerable small pores for the radiating pseudopodia; however, in many cases (and perhaps constantly) these pores exhibit a certain regular disposition. In many species the central capsule encloses Xanthellæ or symbiotic yellow unicellular Algæ. The nucleus becomes cleft very early in the majority of Dorataspida.

Synopsis of the Genera of Dorataspida.

II. Subfamily Diporaspida. Each radial spine with two opposite primary apophyses; therefore the whole shell with forty primary apophyses.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	I. Tribe Phractaspida. Twenty radial spines without lattice-plates; no normal pores.					$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	No by-spines,	349. Phractaspis.
								With by-spines,	350. Pleuraspis.
		II. Tribe Ceriaspida. Twenty radial spines all with lattice-plates produced by union of the branched apophyses of each plate.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Forty parmal pores (two in each plate)—no coronal pores in the plates.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Plates not dimpled, without network of crests.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	No by-spines,	351. Dorataspis.
								With by-spines,	352. Diporaspis.
								No by-spines, but free apophyses,	353. Orophaspis.
						Plates dimpled, with a network of crests.	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	No by-spines,	354. Ceriaspis.
								With by-spines,	355. Hystrichaspis.
				Eighty to two hundred or more parmal pores (in each plate two aspinal and two to ten or more coronal pores).			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	No by-spines,	356. Coscinaspis.
								With by-spines,	357. Acontaspis.
II. Subfamily Tessaraspida. Each radial spine with four crossed primary apophyses; therefore the whole shell with eighty primary apophyses.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	III. Tribe Stauraspida. Twenty radial spines all or partly without lattice-plates.	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	All twenty spines without lattice-plates.			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	No by-spines,	358. Stauraspis.
								With by-spines,	359. Echinaspis.
				Four plates with, sixteen without, lattice-plates.			$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	With by-spines,	360. Zonaspis.
				Twelve plates with, eight without, lattice-plates.			$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	With by-spines,	361. Dodecaspis.
		IV. Tribe Lychnaspida. Twenty radial spines all with lattice-plates (produced by union of the branched apophyses of each plate).	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Eighty parmal pores (four on each plate)—no coronal pores in the plates.			$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	No by-spines,	362. Tessaraspis.
								With by-spines,	363. Lychnaspis.
				One hundred and sixty to three hundred or more parmal pores (in each plate four aspinal and four to twelve or more coronal pores).			$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	No by-spines,	364. Icosaspis.
								With by-spines,	365. Hylaspis.

Subfamily 1. Diporaspida, Haeckel.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty radial spines, each of which bears two opposite apophyses. The spherical shell is composed either of the meeting branches of these apophyses (Phractaspida), or of twenty perforated plates, produced by concrescence of their branches (Ceriaspida).

A. Tribe I. Phractaspida, Haeckel.

Definition.—Dorataspida without perforated plates; the spherical shell is composed only of the meeting branches of the two opposite apophyses, which arise from each radial spine. Therefore the meshes of the shell are all sutural.

Genus 349. Phractaspis,^[6] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 467.

Definition.—Dorataspida without perforated plates; shell composed only of the meeting branches of the two opposite apophyses, which arise from each radial spine. Condyles of the branch-ends without by-spines.

The genus Phractaspis is the most simple and primitive form among all Dorataspida, and may be regarded as the common ancestral form either of this whole family, or at least of its first subfamily, the Diporaspida. In all members of this subfamily the spherical shell is composed of twenty radial spines, each of which bears two opposite apophyses; but the mode of composition is different in the two tribes of the subfamily, in the Phractaspida and Ceriaspida. In the simpler tribe, the Phractaspida, the shell is composed only of the meeting branches of the apophyses of neighbouring spines; there are no peculiar perforated plates or shields. In the Ceriaspida, however, both apophyses of each single spine form a perforated plate or shield by union of their branches, and the shell is formed of the meeting edges of these shields. Of course the Ceriaspida must be derived from the simpler Phractaspida. Phractaspis, as the common ancestral form of both, exhibits a very simple structure of the shell (Pl. 137, figs. 1, 2). Commonly, if the fork-branches of each apophysis be not again branched, the shell possesses only twenty-two large meshes and forty sutures. More rarely their number increases, the fork-branches of the apophyses being again branched (Phractaspidium, Pl. 137, fig. 3).

Subgenus 1. Phractasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell with twenty-two meshes, and forty sutures, each spine with only four branches, its two apophyses being simply forked.

1. Phractaspis prototypus, n. sp. (Pl. 137, fig. 2).

Radial spines cylindrical, thin, pointed; the outer and inner halves of nearly equal size. Each spine bears in its middle part two opposite apophyses, which are simply forked; the four condyles of each spine (or the thickened ends of the fork-branches) are united with the meeting condyles of the neighbouring spines by sutures. Therefore the network of the spherical shell is composed of twenty-two large meshes: two square polar meshes on each pole (a a a a and e e e e); eight triangular circumpolar meshes (each between two polar and one tropical spine, a b a and e d e); eight tropical rhomboidal meshes (each between one polar, one equatorial, and two tropical spines: a b c b and e d c d); and four rhomboidal equatorial meshes (each between two tropical and two equatorial spines c b c d).

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the meshes 0.03 to 0.04; breadth of the spines and bars 0.005.

Habitat.—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean (Corfu), Atlantic (Stations 348, 354), Indian Ocean (Ceylon), Pacific (Stations 253, 265, 274), &c., surface.

2. Phractaspis complanata, n. sp. (Pl. 137, fig. 1).

Radial spines leaf-shaped, strongly compressed, two-edged, pointed; their outer part longer than the inner. Each spine with two opposite apophyses which are simply forked, therefore with four condyles. The network with forty sutures and twenty-two large meshes, as in the foregoing species. The broad faces of the eight polar spines lie in two meridian planes, of the four equatorial spines in the equatorial plane, of the eight tropical spines in two planes parallel to the latter. The planes of the leaf-shaped fork-branches lie in the spherical face.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the meshes 0.02 to 0.03; breadth of the fork-branches 0.012.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 343, surface.

3. Phractaspis condylophora, n. sp.

Radial spines quadrangular, thin; their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner. Each spine with four branches, its two opposite apophyses being simply forked. The eighty condyles (or sutural ends of the branches) much thickened, twice to four times as broad as the branches themselves. Network with forty sutures and twenty-two large meshes, as in both foregoing species.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the meshes 0.03 to 0.04; breadth of the condyles 0.01.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 288, surface.

4. Phractaspis bipennis, Haeckel.

Dorataspis bipennis, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 413, Taf. xxi. figs. 1, 2. Phractasplenium bipenne, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.

Radial spines very thin, quadrangular; their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner. Each spine with four bent branches, its two opposite apophyses being simply forked. Eighty condyles, very thin, pointed. In the specimens of this remarkable species, which I first observed in Messina, two opposite equatorial spines had quite free apophyses, not connected with the neighbouring spines; therefore the thin lattice-work of the shell exhibited only thirty-six sutures and twenty meshes (two meshes with six sutures, six meshes with four sutures, and twelve meshes with three sutures). In similar specimens, which I afterwards observed in the Canary Islands, all four equatorial spines were connected in the same manner with the neighbouring spines; therefore they possessed forty sutures and twenty-two meshes, like Phractaspis prototypus (Pl. 137, fig. 2). Perhaps the Mediterranean species represents a peculiar genus, Phractasplenium bipenne.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the meshes 0.03 to 0.05; breadth of the spines 0.002.

Habitat.—Mediterranean (Messina), Canary Islands (Lanzerote), surface.

Subgenus 2. Phractaspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell with forty to eighty or more meshes, and eighty to one hundred or more sutures. Each spine with six to eight or more branches, its two apophyses being doubly forked or more ramified.

5. Phractaspis constricta, n. sp. (Pl. 137, fig. 3).

Radial spines strongly compressed, two-edged, pointed; their outer half twice constricted and somewhat longer than the inner half. Each spine with two opposite forked apophyses, the branches of which are again forked; therefore eight condyles on each spine. The network of the spherical shell with eighty sutures and sixty-two meshes (twenty-two large primary meshes and forty smaller secondary meshes, the latter between the distal fork-branches).

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.11, of the large meshes 0.04 to 0.05, of the small meshes 0.01; breadth of the spines 0.01.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.

6. Phractaspis cataphracta, Haeckel.

Acanthometra cataphracta, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 49, Taf. x. figs. 7, 8. Dorataspis cataphracta, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 415.

Radial spines thin, quadrangular; their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner. Each spine with six to eight condyles, the fork-branches of their two opposite apophyses being (all or partly) again forked. The network with sixty to eighty sutures and meshes: sometimes as regular as in the preceding species, at other times more or less irregular.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the meshes 0.02 to 0.04; breadth of the bars 0.004 to 0.008.

Habitat.—Mediterranean (Cette), Müller (Messina), Haeckel; North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.

Genus 350. Pleuraspis,^[7] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 467.

Definition.—Dorataspida without perforated plates; shell composed only of the meeting branches of the two opposite apophyses, which arise from each radial spine. Condyles of the branch ends bearing by-spines.

The genus Pleuraspis has quite the same structure of the shell as the foregoing Phractaspis, and differs from it only in the development of external by-spines; commonly each condyle of the branch end of the apophyses bears one zigzag by-spine, which is directed parallel to the radial main-spine from which the apophyses arise. Therefore each suture of the shell is armed with two divergent by-spines (Pl. 137, fig. 4).

Subgenus 1. Pleurasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell regularly developed with twenty-two meshes and forty sutures (sometimes twenty to twenty-four meshes and thirty-six to forty-eight sutures); each spine commonly with four branches, its two apophyses being simply forked.

1. Pleuraspis horrida, n. sp. (Pl. 137, fig. 4).

Radial spines roundish, somewhat compressed, very thick, conical, pointed at both ends, outer part nearly twice as long as the inner. Two apophyses of each spine simply forked, with short and broad branches and thickened condyles. Forty sutures, very broad. Twenty-two large meshes three to four times as broad as the bars. By-spines much developed, as long as the radius, zigzag, with alternating recurved hooks.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the meshes 0.04 to 0.06; breadth of the bars 0.01 to 0.015.

Habitat.—Tropical Pacific (east of Philippines), Station 215, surface.

2. Pleuraspis amphithecta, n. sp.

Radial spines two-edged, leaf-shaped, strongly compressed, pointed at both ends; outer half longer than the inner. Two apophyses of each spine simply forked, with short and very broad branches; condyles not thickened. Forty sutures, broad. Twenty-two large meshes twice to three times as broad as the bars. By-spines zigzag, half as long as the radius. (Resembles Phractaspis complanata, Pl. 137, fig. 1.)

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the meshes 0.02 to 0.03; bars 0.012.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.

3. Pleuraspis costata, Haeckel.

Acanthometra costata, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 49, Taf. ii. fig. 1, Taf. x. figs. 4-6. Dorataspis costata, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 414, Taf. xxiii. fig. 1.

Radial spines roundish, conical, pointed at both ends; outer and inner halves of nearly equal length. Two apophyses of each spine simply forked, with broad branches and thickened condyles. Forty sutures, broad. Twenty-two large meshes, four to five times as broad as the bars. By-spines straight, denticulate, half as long as the radius. (This common species is rather variable in size and details.)

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.13, meshes 0.03 to 0.06, bars 0.005 to 0.01.

Habitat.—Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.

4. Pleuraspis pyramidalis, n. sp.

Radial spines quadrangular, their outer part pyramidal, very thick, about half as long as the prismatic inner part. Two apophyses of each spine simply forked, with very short and broad branches. Condyles much thickened. Forty sutures, very broad. Twenty-two meshes small, the largest twice as broad as the bars; the smaller only half as broad. By-spines short, straight, denticulate, half as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.14, meshes 0.005 to 0.03.

Habitat.—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 222, surface.

Subgenus 2. Pleuraspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell with forty to eighty or more meshes and eighty to one hundred or more sutures; each spine with six to eight or more branches, its two apophyses being forked twice or oftener.

5. Pleuraspis ramosa, n. sp.

Radial spines roundish, stout, somewhat compressed; their inner and outer half nearly of equal length. Two apophyses of each spine doubly forked or more irregularly branched; therefore commonly eight (sometimes six, seven, nine, or ten to twelve) thickened condyles on each spine. Sutures eighty to one hundred, broad. Irregular meshes sixty to eighty; three to five times as broad as the bars. By-spines zigzag, ramified, half as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the meshes 0.007 to 0.014, breadth of the bars 0.003.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.

B. Tribe II. Ceriaspida, Haeckel.

Definition.—Dorataspida, the spherical shell of which is composed of twenty perforated plates, produced by union of the branches of the two opposite apophyses, which arise from each radial spine. Therefore the meshes of the shell are partly sutural, partly parmal.

Genus 351. Dorataspis,^[8] Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 811.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty plates, which are perforated by forty aspinal pores (two pores in each plate). Surface of the shell without combs, dimples, and by-spines.

The genus Dorataspis opens the long series of the Ceriaspida, or of those Dorataspida in which the shell is composed of twenty plates, each of which is perforated by two primary aspinal pores. This tribe has arisen from the simpler Phractaspida by reunion of the branches of the apophyses in each single spine. If in Phractaspis, their common ancestral form (Pl. 137, figs. 1, 2), the neighbouring fork-branches of both opposite apophyses in each radial spine become recurved and united, they will produce a shield, which is perforated by two pores and between them by the spine itself. These two "primary aspinal pores" are characteristic of all Ceriaspida; among these Dorataspis itself is the most simple form. Its shell exhibits therefore constantly forty aspinal pores, and besides these a variable number of "sutural pores" (in the sutures between the twenty plates). If in each suture there be only a single pore, we get on the whole fifty-two or fifty-four pores; if in each suture there be two or three pores, that number becomes doubled or tripled.

Subgenus 1. Doratasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell with fifty-two sutures; four polar plates on each pole of the main axis meeting in one point (in the pole itself); therefore all eight polar plates pentagonal and of equal size. Spherical shell therefore composed of four (equatorial) hexagonal plates and of sixteen pentagonal (eight tropical and eight polar plates).

1. Dorataspis fusigera, n. sp. (Pl. 138, fig. 2).

Shell with fifty-two sutures and fifty-two sutural meshes, with four hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes of each plate elliptical, twice to four times as broad as the sutural meshes. Radial spines in the outer half fusiform, somewhat longer than the inner cylindrical half.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.09, of the parmal meshes 0.1 to 0.2, of the sutural meshes 0.004 to 0.01.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.

2. Dorataspis macracantha, n. sp.

Shell with fifty-two sutures and fifty-two sutural meshes; with four hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes of each plate circular, small, twice as broad as the small sutural meshes. Radial spines quadrangular, prismatic, their outer half twice to three times as long as the inner half.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the parmal pores 0.008, of the sutural meshes 0.004.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 288, surface.

3. Dorataspis macropora, n. sp.

Shell with fifty-two sutures and one hundred to one hundred and fifty sutural meshes, with four hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes nearly circular, very large, five to ten times as broad as the small circular sutural meshes; the number of the latter is in this species multiplied, in each suture being two to three (commonly three) small pores. Radial spines in the outer half leaf-shaped, compressed, nearly lanceolate, longer than in the inner cylindrical half.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the parmal pores 0.03 to 0.04, of the sutural pores 0.004 to 0.006.

Habitat.—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.

Subgenus 2. Dorataspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell with fifty-four sutures; four polar plates on each pole of the main axis different in pairs; two major hexagonal meeting in a polar suture (the "hydrotomical suture"); two minor pentagonal, not meeting together (separated by that hydrotomical suture). Spherical shell therefore composed of eight hexagonal plates (four equatorial and four polar) and by twelve pentagonal plates (eight tropical and four polar plates).

4. Dorataspis loricata, Haeckel.

Dorataspis loricata, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 415, Taf. xxi. figs. 3-6.

Shell with fifty-four sutures and fifty-four sutural meshes, with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes of each plate kidney-shaped or roundish, nearly of the same size as the sutural meshes. Radial spines cylindrical; their outer half on the pointed distal end two-edged and longer than the inner half.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.14, of its meshes 0.008 to 0.016.

Habitat.—Mediterranean (Messina), North Atlantic (Canary Islands), Azores, surface.

5. Dorataspis typica, n. sp. (Pl. 138, figs. 4, 4a).

Shell with fifty-four crest-like sutures and fifty-four circular sutural meshes, with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes of each plate elliptical, twice to three times as broad as the sutural meshes. Aspinal meshes of the four equatorial plates twice as broad as those of the sixteen other plates. The meshes are surrounded by elevated and denticulated crests (incipient spine-sheaths). Radial spines compressed, more or less two-edged; outer pointed half somewhat larger than the inner half. (In this typical species the composition of the shell prevailing in the majority of Ceriaspida is very clear.)

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.18, of the aspinal pores 0.02 to 0.03, of the sutural pores 0.01.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface and in various depths.

6. Dorataspis micropora, n. sp. (Pl. 138, fig. 3).

Shell with fifty-four sutures and fifty-four very small sutural meshes, with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes of each plate elliptical, four to six times as broad as the sutural meshes. Radial spines in the outer half conical, somewhat shorter than in the inner cylindrical half.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.11, of the aspinal pores 0.01 to 0.02, of the sutural pores 0.003.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.

7. Dorataspis gladiata, n. sp.

Shell with fifty-four sutures and one hundred to one hundred and twenty sutural meshes, with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes elliptical, three times as broad as the small sutural meshes; commonly two meshes in each suture. Radial spines sword-shaped, two-edged, tapering from the shell towards the two ends. (Resembles Belonaspis datura, Pl. 139, fig. 9, but differs in the spherical shell, the equal size of the four equatorial spines, and the absence of by-spines.)

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the aspinal pores 0.012, of the sutural pores 0.004.

Habitat.—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.

8. Dorataspis polypora, n. sp.

Shell with fifty-four sutures and one hundred and sixty to two hundred sutural meshes, with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates. Commonly three meshes (sometimes four) on each suture. Both aspinal meshes kidney-shaped, four times as broad as the small sutural meshes. Radial spines thick, in the inner longer part cylindrical, in the outer shorter part conical. (Differs from all other species in the multiplication of the sutural pores.)

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the aspinal pores 0.016, of the sutural pores 0.004.

Habitat.—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.

Genus 352. Diporaspis,^[9] n. gen.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty plates, which are perforated by forty aspinal pores (two pores in each plate). Surface of the shell without combs and dimples, but armed with numerous by-spines.

The genus Diporaspis has the same characteristic structure of the shell as the typical Dorataspis, and differs from it only in the development of numerous by-spines on the surface. The number of the sutures between the twenty plates is sometimes fifty-two, at other times fifty-four, and in each suture we find occasionally a single pore, at other times two or three such pores.

Subgenus 1. Diporasparium.

Definition.—Shell with fifty-two sutures, four polar plates on each pole of the main axis meeting in one common point; therefore all eight polar plates pentagonal and of equal size. Shell therefore composed of four (equatorial) hexagonal plates, and of sixteen pentagonal (eight tropical and eight polar) plates.

1. Diporaspis nephropora, n. sp. (Pl. 134, fig. 15).

Shell with fifty-two sutures and fifty-two sutural pores, with four hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates. Both aspinal pores of each plate kidney-shaped, about twice as broad as the circular sutural pores. Radial spines thin, cylindrical, longer than the radius. By-spines forked, only one-third as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.13, parmal pores 0.03, sutural pores 0.07.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 244, surface.

2. Diporaspis circopora, n. sp.

Shell with fifty-two sutures and one hundred to one hundred and fifty sutural pores, with four hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates. Both aspinal pores of each plate circular, very large, six to eight times as broad as the small circular sutural pores (in each suture two to three pores). Radial spines strongly compressed, two-edged; outer half shorter than the inner. By-spines undulate, half as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the parmal pores 0.02 to 0.03, of the sutural pores 0.003 to 0.004.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 287, surface.

Subgenus 2. Diporaspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell with fifty-four sutures, four polar plates on each pole of the main axis different in pairs: two major hexagonal meeting in a polar ("geotomical") suture, two minor pentagonal, not meeting together (separated by that suture). Shell therefore composed of eight hexagonal plates (four equatorial and four polar) and of twelve hexagonal plates (eight tropical and four polar).

3. Diporaspis zygopora, n. sp.

Shell with fifty-four sutures and fifty-four circular sutural pores: with eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates. Both aspinal pores of each plate elliptical, three times as broad as the sutural pores. Radial spines compressed, two-edged; outer half shorter than the inner. By-spines very numerous, simple, one-third as long as the radius, forming coronels or elegant circles around the pores (a small coronel around each sutural pore, a large one around each couple of aspinal pores).

This typical species is nearly allied to Dorataspis typica (Pl. 138, fig. 4), and may be derived from it by development of the coronels of by-spines.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, aspinal pores 0.03, sutural pores 0.01.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface

Genus 353. Orophaspis,^[10] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty plates, which are perforated by forty aspinal pores (two pores in each plate). Surface of the shell without combs, dimples, and by-spines. Each radial spine bears outside of the shell two opposite free apophyses, which are either simple or branched.

The genus Orophaspis differs not only from its ancestral form, Dorataspis, but from all other Dorataspida in the development of peculiar free apophyses on the radial spines, outside the shell. These apophyses, two being opposite on each spine, appear as a repetition of the primary apophyses of Phractaspis; they are either simple or branched, and sometimes the branches are united together, forming an outer free shield with two or four pores. These outer plates represent the beginning of a second outer shell and form the transition to Phractopelta, the ancestral form of the Phractopeltida.

Subgenus 1. Orophasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Free apophyses of the radial spines simple, not branched.

1. Orophaspis astrolonche, n. sp.

Parmal pores of the shell circular, twice as large as the sutural pores and as the breadth of the bars. Radial spines very long, three to six times as long as the diameter of the shell, compressed, two-edged; each with two simple, opposite, triangular apophyses; their distance from the shell equal to its diameter.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.05, parmal pores 0.004, sutural pores 0.002.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 239, surface.

2. Orophaspis gladiata, n. sp.

Parmal pores of the shell circular, of the same size as the sutural pores and the bars. Radial spines thick, spindle-shaped, scarcely longer than the diameter of the shell, each with two simple opposite conical apophyses; their distance from the shell about equal to its radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.06, pores 0.003.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.

Subgenus 2. Orophaspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Free apophyses of the radial spines branched, their branches free (not anastomosing).

3. Orophaspis furcata, n. sp. (Pl. 133, fig. 6).

Parmal pores of the shell roundish or elliptical, three times as broad as the sutural pores and the bars. Radial spines very long, compressed, each with two opposite apophyses, which are simply forked; their distance from the shell somewhat greater than its diameter.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.06 to 0.08, parmal pores 0.006, sutural pores 0.002.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.

4. Orophaspis ramosa, n. sp.

Parmal pores of the shell circular, of the same size as the sutural pores and the bars. Radial spines compressed, very long, each with two opposite apophyses, which are more or less irregularly branched (commonly between eight and twelve thin branches on each spine); their distance from the shell smaller than its diameter.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.006.

Habitat.—North-West Pacific, Station 235, surface.

Subgenus 3. Stegaspis, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.

Definition.—Free apophyses of the radial spines branched, and by reunion of their anastomosing branches forming perforated shields.

5. Orophaspis diporaspis, n. sp.

Parmal pores of the shell circular, of the same size as the sutural pores and the bars. Radial spines sword-shaped, two-edged, very broad; each spine bears an elliptical free shield with two longish pores (opposite on the two flat sides of the sword). Distance of the twenty free two-pored shields from the shell about equal to its diameter.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.04, of the pores 0.004.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 295, surface.

6. Orophaspis tessaraspis, n. sp.

Parmal pores of the shell roundish, somewhat larger than the sutural pores and the bars. Radial spines very long, compressed; each spine bears a roundish free shield with four irregular pores disposed in a cruciform manner, the two larger pores being opposite on the flat sides of the spine, the two smaller being opposite but on its two edges. Distance of the twenty free four-pored shields from the shell about equal to its radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.05, of the pores 0.003.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 239, surface.

Genus 354. Ceriaspis,^[11] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty plates, which are perforated by forty aspinal pores (two pores in each plate). Surface of the shell with numerous dimples, separated by a network of elevated combs. No by-spines.

The genus Ceriaspis has the same structure of the shell, as its ancestral form Dorataspis, differing from it only in the development of high combs or crests, which form on the surface of the shell a peculiar elevated network. The dimples or funnel-shaped pits between these combs are either all or partly perforated by the pores of the shell. Both the aspinal pores of each plate are usually placed in one common dimple, whilst each sutural pore is placed in its peculiar smaller dimple.

Subgenus 1. Ceriasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell-surface with seventy to one hundred or more small funnel-shaped dimples, each of which opens on the bottom by one pore or by a couple of apertures; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates (each with a couple of aspinal pores) and fifty to one hundred or more smaller dimples, each of which contains one sutural pore. No blind dimples between the perforated dimples.

1. Ceriaspis lacunosa, n. sp.

Shell spherical with seventy-two funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is perforated on the bottom by one or two apertures; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates, each with two elliptical aspinal pores, and fifty-two smaller sutural dimples between them, each with one circular pore of half the size. No blind dimples. Radial spines quadrangular, stout; their outer part shorter than the inner.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the forty parmal pores 0.01, of the fifty-two sutural pores 0.005.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.

2. Ceriaspis scrobiculata, n. sp.

Shell spherical, with seventy-four funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is perforated on the bottom by one or two apertures; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates, each with two kidney-shaped large pores, and fifty-four smaller dimples on the sutures, each with one circular pore of one-fourth of the size of the reniform pores. No blind dimples. Radial spines cylindrical, the outer part longer than the inner.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the forty parmal pores 0.016, of the fifty-four sutural pores 0.004.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.

Subgenus 2. Ceriaspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell-surface with funnel-shaped dimples (commonly one hundred and seventy-six or one hundred and eighty-two), which on the bottom are partly closed, partly perforated by one aperture (or by a pair of pores). The blind dimples are placed on the corners of the twenty plates, and are therefore either one hundred and four or one hundred and eight; if there be no polar suture, the blind dimples are one hundred and four (twenty-four on the four hexagonal equatorial plates, forty on the eight pentagonal tropical plates, and forty on the eight pentagonal polar plates); if, however, there be a polar suture on both main poles, the number of blind dimples is one hundred and eight (twenty-four on the four hexagonal equatorial and twenty-four on the four hexagonal polar plates, two opposite on each pole; forty on the eight pentagonal tropical plates and twenty on the four pentagonal polar plates, two opposite on each pole). Between the blind dimples there are usually seventy-two to seventy-four perforated dimples, twenty larger parmal dimples (enclosing a radial spine and a couple of aspinal pores) and fifty-two to fifty-four sutural dimples (sometimes one hundred or more), each of which encloses one sutural pore.

3. Ceriaspis inermis, n. sp. (Pl. 138, fig. 5).

Shell spherical, with one hundred and seventy-six funnel-shaped dimples, one hundred and four of which are blind and seventy-two perforated; of the latter, each of the fifty-two smaller contains a single sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores. The elliptical or kidney-shaped aspinal pores are about twice as broad as the circular sutural pores. Radial spines thin, compressed, two-edged; their outer prolongation very short, rudimentary, scarcely higher than the axis of the surrounding funnel, and projecting but slightly from its aperture.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the forty parmal pores 0.016, of the fifty-two sutural pores 0.008.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 289, surface.

4. Ceriaspis favosa, n. sp. (Pl. 138, fig. 6).

Shell polyhedral (icosahedral), with one hundred and eighty-two funnel-shaped dimples, one hundred and eight of which are blind and seventy-four perforated; of the latter, each of the fifty-four smaller contains a single sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores. All pores roundish, nearly of the same size. Radial spines thin, compressed, two-edged; their outer part somewhat longer than the inner.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.13, of the pores 0.01 to 0.015.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.

5. Ceriaspis icosahedra, n. sp.

Shell polyhedral (icosahedral), with one hundred and eighty-two funnel-shaped dimples, one hundred and eight of which are blind and seventy-four perforated; of the latter, each of the fifty-four smaller contains one small sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores. The kidney-shaped aspinal pores are very large, four to six times as broad as the small circular sutural pores. Radial spines strong, quadrangular, their outer part from two to three times as long as the inner part.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the parmal pores 0.015 to 0.02, of the sutural pores 0.003 to 0.004.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 349, surface.

6. Ceriaspis cicatricosa, n. sp.

Shell spherical, with two hundred and fifty to three hundred (or more) small funnel-shaped dimples, the majority of which are blind, the minority perforated by pores; of the latter forty are aspinal pores (two at the base of each spine), the others sutural pores. All pores nearly of the same size. As the shell of this species is very dark and thick-walled, it was impossible to obtain more information with regard to the pores. Radial spines very stout; the outer conical part shorter than the inner cylindrical part.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the pores 0.006 to 0.008.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 236, surface.

Genus 355. Hystrichaspis,^[12] n. gen.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty plates, which are perforated by forty aspinal pores (two pores in each plate). Surface of the shell with numerous dimples, separated by a network of elevated combs. Numerous by-spines.

The genus Hystrichaspis has the same structure with regard to the shell, as its ancestral form Ceriaspis, and differs from the latter only in possessing numerous by-spines. Moreover, in the former the dimples of the shell-surface are either all perforated by pores, or some of them are blind.

Subgenus 1. Hystrichasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell with seventy to one hundred or more funnel-shaped dimples, each of which opens on the bottom by one aperture or by a couple of pores; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates (each with a couple of pores, sometimes also three couples) and fifty to one hundred or more smaller dimples, each of which contains one sutural pore. No blind dimples between the perforated dimples.

1. Hystrichaspis pectinata, n. sp. (Pl. 138, fig. 8).

Shell with numerous (one hundred to two hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is pierced at the bottom by one or two pores; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates (each with two aspinal pores), and fifty to one hundred and fifty or more smaller dimples (each with one sutural pore). No blind dimples. Crests between the dimples armed with a continuous series of simple by-spines. Radial main spines stout, in the inner half cylindrical, in the outer conical, more or less compressed.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.13, of the pores 0.004 to 0.006.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 352, surface.

2. Hystrichaspis furcata, n. sp. (Pl. 138, fig. 9).

Shell with numerous (one hundred to two hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is pierced at the bottom by one or two pores; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates (each with two large aspinal pores), and fifty to one hundred and fifty or more smaller dimples (each with one small sutural pore). No blind dimples. Crests between the dimples armed with forked by-spines. Radial main spines stout, leaf-shaped, tapering towards both ends.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, parmal pores 0.01, sutural pores 0.005.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 276, surface.

3. Hystrichaspis cristata, n. sp. (Pl. 138, fig. 11).

Siphonasphis cristata, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.

Shell with numerous (one hundred to two hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is pierced at the bottom by one or more pores. Twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates are pierced by the radial main-spines; among these fourteen contain each a couple of aspinal pores; six others are much larger, and contain each six larger pores; these six plates are two opposite equatorial plates and four polar plates, placed in the same meridian plane (the "hydrotomical plane"); in each of these six "hydrotomical dimples" two pores are placed opposite to one another on the two edges of the leaf-shaped spine, four others being opposite in pairs on both flat sides of it. By this peculiar structure this species connects the true Hystrichaspis with Hexalaspis and Diploconus; however the twenty spines are of equal length, and the shell continues to be spherical. The twenty radial main-spines are leaf-like and compressed. The crests between the dimples are dentated by a series of small by-spines.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the aspinal pores 0.01, of the sutural pores 0.005.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 240, surface.

Subgenus 2. Hystrichaspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Shell-surface with numerous funnel-shaped dimples (commonly one hundred and seventy-six to one hundred and eighty-two), which on the bottom are partly closed, partly perforated by one aperture (or by a pair of pores). The blind dimples are situated on the corners of the twenty plates; their number is commonly one hundred and four or one hundred and eight, sometimes more. The perforated dimples, alternating with the former, are usually seventy-two to seventy-four, sometimes more; twenty larger parmal dimples (each with a couple of aspinal pores, sometimes also with three such couples) and fifty-two to fifty-four sutural dimples, sometimes one hundred or more (each with one sutural pore). (Compare the definition of Ceriaspidium, p. 820.)

4. Hystrichaspis dorsata, n. sp. (Pl. 138, fig. 10).

Shell with one hundred and seventy-six funnel-shaped dimples, one hundred and four of which are blind and seventy-two perforated; of the latter, each of the fifty-two smaller contains a single sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores; the elliptical aspinal pores are twice as broad as the circular sutural pores. The crests between the dimples are armed with simple scattered short by-spines; usually in the nodal points, where three combs meet, there exist three or two divergent by-spines. The twenty radial main-spines are thin and long, compressed.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.22, of the aspinal pores 0.02, of the sutural pores 0.01.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.

5. Hystrichaspis armata, n. sp.

Shell with one hundred and seventy-six funnel-shaped dimples, one hundred and four of which are blind and seventy-two perforated; of the latter, each of the fifty-two smaller contains a single sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores. Crests between the dimples comb-like, armed with a series of simple by-spines. Twenty main-spines very stout, in the inner part cylindrical, in the outer shorter part conical.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.25, of the aspinal pores 0.02, of the sutural pores 0.01.

Habitat.—South-East Pacific, Station 300, surface.

6. Hystrichaspis sulcata, n. sp.

Shell with one hundred and eighty-two funnel-shaped dimples, one hundred and eight of which are blind and seventy-four perforated; of the latter, each of the fifty-four smaller contains a single sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores. All pores nearly of the same size, very small. Crests between the dimples very high, sulcated, on the free edge serrate with short very numerous, simple by-spines. Radial main-spines very stout and short, conical.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the pores 0.003.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.

7. Hystrichaspis foveolata, n. sp.

Shell with very numerous (three hundred to four hundred?) small and deep funnel-shaped dimples, the majority of which are blind, the minority perforated; among the latter there are forty larger aspinal pores; the other smaller (scarcely half as large) pores are sutural. Crests between the dimples densely armed with simple short by-spines. Radial main-spines stout, leaf-shaped.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the aspinal pores 0.01, of the sutural pores 0.004.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, surface.

8. Hystrichaspis divaricata, n. sp.

Shell with numerous (two hundred to three hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, the majority of which are blind, the minority perforated; among the latter there are forty larger aspinal pores. Crests between the dimples armed with long forked by-spines with divergent fork-branches. Radial spines cylindrical, very long and thick, longer than the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.14, aspinal pores 0.08, sutural pores 0.03.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.

9. Hystrichaspis fruticata, n. sp. (Pl. 138, fig, 7).

Shell with numerous (one hundred and fifty to two hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, the majority of which are blind, the minority perforated; forty aspinal pores elliptical, of the same size as the circular sutural pores. Crests between the dimples bearing elegant arborescent by-spines. Twenty radial main-spines long and thin, cylindrical or a little compressed.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.17, pores 0.01.

Habitat.—Tropical Pacific, Station 275, surface.

10. Hystrichaspis serrata, n. sp.

Shell with numerous (two hundred to three hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, the majority of which are blind, the minority perforated; forty aspinal pores of the same size as the sutural pores. Crests between the dimples covered with denticulated by-spines. Twenty radial main-spines compressed, two-edged, with serrated edges, about as long as the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.21, pores 0.012.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 238, surface.

Genus 356. Coscinaspis,^[13] n. gen.

Definition.—Doratispida with twenty plates, which are perforated by eighty to two hundred or more parmal pores (two aspinal and two to ten or more coronal pores in each plate). Surface without by-spines.

The genus Coscinaspis, together with the following nearly allied genus Acontaspis, may be separated from the other Ceriaspida as a peculiar tribe, Coscinaspida. This tribe is characterised by the larger number of the parmal pores. Whilst in all other Ceriaspida this number is constantly forty (only two pores in each plate), here it may be from eighty to two hundred or more; in each shield the two primary "aspinal pores" are surrounded by a circle of two to ten or more (commonly eight to twelve) "coronal pores." The number of sutural pores in this group is also usually larger.

Subgenus 1. Coscinasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Plates of the shell smooth, without crests, not dimply.

1. Coscinaspis peripora, n. sp. (Pl. 138, fig. 1).

Shell thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples, perforated by pores of very different sizes. Forty aspinal pores, roundish or elliptical, of about the same size as the fifty or sixty violin-shaped sutural pores, and three to four times as broad as the small roundish coronal pores, which are irregularly formed and distributed, four to eight occurring on each plate (altogether one hundred to one hundred and twenty). Radial spines roundish, somewhat compressed; inner and outer half nearly of the same length.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, aspinal pores 0.01 to 0.012, coronal pores 0.003.

Habitat.—North-West Pacific, Station 235, surface.

2. Coscinaspis stigmopora, n. sp.

Shell very thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples, perforated by pores of very different sizes. Forty aspinal pores, roundish, of about the same size as the fifty or sixty violin-shaped sutural pores, their diameter being about one-fifth of that of the plates. Coronal pores very numerous (two hundred to four hundred) and very small, irregularly scattered, ten to twenty occurring in each plate. Sutures strongly denticulated. Radial spines very thin and short, cylindrical.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, aspinal and sutural pores 0.01, coronal pores 0.001 to 0.003.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 257, surface.

3. Coscinaspis rhacopora, n. sp.

Shell very thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples, perforated by very irregular pores of very different sizes and forms; commonly more or less lobed or sinuate. Forty aspinal pores and fifty to eighty sutural pores, larger than the numerous (one hundred to two hundred) irregularly scattered coronal pores. Sutures very sinuate. Radial spines cylindrical, thin and long.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.18, aspinal and sutural pores 0.01 to 0.02, coronal pores 0.001 to 0.005.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 274.

4. Coscinaspis coscinopora, n. sp.

Shell thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples, perforated by very numerous pores of circular form, but of different sizes. Forty aspinal pores and one hundred to two hundred sutural pores much larger than the coronal pores, which are very small and very numerous (fifty to sixty on each plate). Sutures sinuate. Radial spines compressed, outer and inner half nearly of equal length.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.3, aspinal and sutural pores 0.01 to 0.015, coronal pores 0.001 to 0.002.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, surface.

5. Coscinaspsis polypora, n. sp. (Pl. 136, fig. 8).

Shell very thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples, the two aspinal pores of each plate narrow, lanceolate, ten to twelve times as long as broad and half as long as the radius of each plate. Coronal pores irregular, polygonal, very numerous (two hundred to three hundred on each plate), commonly arranged more or less regularly in ten to twelve series parallel to the longitudinal diameter of the aspinal spines (ten to twenty pores in each series). Sutural pores irregular, polygonal, very numerous. Radial spines very thin and long, cylindrical.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.24; length of the aspinal pores 0.04, breadth 0.004; coronal and sutural pores 0.002 to 0.01.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 349, surface.

6. Coscinaspis orthopora, n. sp.

Shell very thin walled, with smooth surface, without crest and dimples. All pores of nearly equal size and form; quadrangular, mostly rectangular; one hundred to two hundred, separated by two systems of parallel bars, perpendicular one to another, occur in each plate. Sutural pores mostly triangular. Radial spines very thin and long, cylindrical, somewhat compressed. (Similar to those of Phatnaspis lacunaria, Pl. 136, fig. 9, but spherical, not ellipsoidal.)

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.008 to 0.012.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.

7. Coscinaspis parmipora, n. sp. (Pl. 137, fig. 9).

Craniaspis parmipora, Haeckel, 1866, Manuscript. Dorataspis parmipora, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, Atlas.

Shell thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples. There are no sutural pores, since all twenty plates are connected by perfect sinuate sutures (therefore this excellent species may perhaps better represent a peculiar genus, called by me in 1866 Craniaspis). All pores are parmal pores; each plate with two elliptical aspinal pores, which are twice to five times broader than the numerous, roundish irregularly scattered coronal pores (thirty to fifty occurring on each plate). The radial spines are quite internal, that is, not prolonged on the outside of the shell; in this respect they resemble those of Sphærocapsa.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, aspinal pores 0.01, coronal pores 0.002 to 0.005.

Habitat.—North Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote), surface.

8. Coscinaspis isopora, n. sp. (Pl. 134, figs. 13, 14).

Shell thick walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples. All pores of the shell nearly of the same size and of similar form, about as broad as the bars between them, and about two hundred in number, viz., fifty to sixty (regularly fifty-two or fifty-four) sutural pores and one hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty parmal pores (forty aspinal kidney-shaped pores, and one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal circular pores: six in the angles of each equatorial plate, and five in the angles of each tropical and polar plate; if the disposition be quite regular, one hundred and four or one hundred and eight). Radial spines short, rudimentary, conical.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the pores and bars 0.012.

Habitat.—Tropical Pacific, Station 218 (off New Guinea), surface.

Subgenus 2. Coscinaspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Surface of the shell dimply, with a network of prominent crests.

9. Coscinaspis ceriopora, n. sp.

Shell thick-walled, with numerous (one hundred and sixty to two hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, which are separated by prominent crests; on the bottom of each dimple there is a simple or double circular pore. If this species be quite regularly developed, it closely resembles the preceding, differing from it mainly in the prominent combs of the surface. It resembles also Ceriaspis favosa, Pl. 138, fig. 6; but whilst in this latter the majority of the dimples are blind, here they are all perforated. The twenty aspinal dimples (in the centre of each plate) present at the bottom a couple of pores, all other dimples a single pore. Among the latter there are fifty to sixty sutural pores and one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal pores, viz., six in each equatorial plate, and five in each of the other plates; but the number is not quite constant. Radial spines strong, in the inner part cylindrical, in the outer conical.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the pores and bars 0.01.

Habitat.—Tropical Pacific, Station 215, surface.

Genus 357. Acontaspis,^[14] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty plates, which are perforated by eighty to two hundred or more parmal pores (in each plate two aspinal and two to ten or more coronal pores). Surface covered with by-spines.

The genus Acontaspis has the same characteristic structure of the shell as Ceriaspis, differing from it only in the presence of numerous by-spines. Each plate is perforated by four to sixteen or more (commonly ten to twelve) parmal pores, the two central of which are primary "aspinal pores," all the others being secondary "coronal pores."

Subgenus 1. Acontasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Plates of the shell not dimply, without prominent crests.

1. Acontaspis lanceolata, n. sp.

Shell thin walled, even, without crests and dimples between them, perforated by about three hundred pores of different sizes: forty aspinal pores elliptical, about as large as the irregular (fifty to sixty) sutural pores, and two to four times as broad as the small circular coronal pores (eight to twelve being on each plate, altogether about two hundred). Between the pores numerous short conical by-spines. Radial main spines lanceolate, about as long as the radius. (Similar to Coscinaspis peripora, Pl. 138, fig. 1, but with broad lanceolate spines and numerous short by-spines.)

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, aspinal and sutural pores 0.012 to 0.015, coronal pores 0.004 to 0.008.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.

Subgenus 2. Acontaspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Surface of the shell dimply, with a network of prominent crests.

2. Acontaspis hastata, n. sp. (Pl. 134, fig. 16).

Shell thick walled, with numerous (one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety) dimples, which are separated by an elevated network of prominent crests. In the centre of each plate a larger dimple with a couple of aspinal pores, surrounded by a corona of ten or twelve smaller dimples, each of which contains a single pore (a coronal and sutural alternately). All pores circular or roundish, nearly of the same size. If the shell be quite regularly developed, there are fifty to sixty sutural pores and one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal pores (six in each equatorial plate, five in each of the other plates). The knobs of the meeting crests are conical, and bear each a simple short by-spine. Radial main spines compressed, at the distal end spear-shaped, with a rhomboidal plate below the apex, about as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.18, of the pores and bars 0.01.

Habitat.—Western Tropical Pacific (off the Philippines), Station 215.

3. Acontaspis furcata, n. sp.

Shell thick walled, dimply, with a network of crests, of the same composition as in the foregoing species, with one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety dimples (twenty aspinal, one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal and fifty to sixty sutural dimples). All dimples and pores nearly of the same size. Each node of the crested network bears a stout by-spine, which is forked on the base, with two divergent straight branches (similar to those of Hystrichaspis furcata, Pl. 138, fig. 9). Radial main spines two-edged, sword-like, nearly as long as the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.13, of the pores 0.008.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.

4. Acontaspis capillata, n. sp.

Shell very dark and thick walled, non-transparent, with very numerous (three hundred to four hundred or more?) deep funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is perforated by a small circular pore (forty aspinal, two hundred to three hundred coronal, and fifty to one hundred sutural pores?). The high crests between the dimples bear very numerous simple by-spines, nearly half as long as the radius, so that the shell appears covered with hairs. Radial main spines very long and thin, cylindrical, longer than the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the pores 0.012.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 244, surface.

Subfamily 2. Tessaraspida, Haeckel.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty radial spines, each of which bears four crossed apophyses (opposite in pairs). The spherical shell is composed either of the meeting branches of these apophyses (Stauraspida), or of twenty perforated plates, produced by concrescence of their branches (Lychnaspida).

A. Tribe II. Stauraspida, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 467.

Definition.—Dorataspida with spherical shell, which is composed either of the meeting branches of the four crossed apophyses only, or exhibits four to twelve perforated plates which are produced by the crossed apophyses of four to twelve radial spines (but never of all twenty spines). Each plate bears four crossed pores.

Genus 358. Stauraspis,^[15] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 467.

Definition.—Dorataspida without perforated plates; shell composed only of the meeting branches of the four crossed apophyses, which arise (opposite in pairs) from each radial spine. Condyles of the branch-ends without by-spines.

The genus Stauraspis is the most simple and primitive form among all Tessaraspida, or that subfamily of Dorataspida, in which the shell is composed of twenty radial spines, each of which bears four crossed apophyses. The subfamily may be divided into two different tribes, the Stauraspida and Lychnaspida. In the Stauraspida either all twenty spines, or a part of them, bear no perforated plates, and the shell is composed wholly or partially of the meeting branches of their apophyses. In the Lychnaspida, however, the four apophyses of each single spine form, by reunion of their recurved branches, a plate or shield with four crossed aspinal pores. The Lychnaspida represent therefore a more developed stage in the shell-formation than the simpler Stauraspida. Stauraspis, as the common ancestral form of both, may be derived phylogenetically from Xiphacantha or Stauracantha, which differ only by the apophyses or branches of the apophyses not meeting. These branches (originally eight on each spine) are either simple or again branched.

Subgenus 1. Staurasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Apophyses of the spines simple, not branched; therefore each spine with four sutural condyles.

1. Stauraspis cruciata, n. sp. (Pl. 134, fig. 5).

Radial spines thin, quadrangular, prismatic; outer and inner half nearly of equal length. Central bases pyramidal, with wing-like edges. Four apophyses of each spine simple, not branched, with thin condyles. Large meshes of the shell ten to twenty times as broad as the bars. This and the following species greatly resemble the simplest forms of Phractaspis (Pl. 137, figs 1,2); they differ from these, however, by the equal size and distance of the four branches of each spine, which thus form a rectangular cross.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1; breadth of the spines and bars 0.002.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.

2. Stauraspis xiphacantha, n. sp.

Radial spines stout, cylindrical in the inner half, conical in the shorter outer half. Four apophyses of each spine simple, not branched, broad, with thick condyles. Meshes of the shell six to eight times as broad as the bars.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12; breadth of the spines and bars 0.008 to 0.01.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 290, surface.

Subgenus 2. Stauraspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Apophyses of the spines branched; therefore each spine with eight to twenty or more sutural condyles.

3. Stauraspis furcata, n. sp.

Radial spines thin, quadrangular, prismatic; outer and inner halves nearly of equal length. The four apophyses of each spine simply forked (or partly with bifid fork-branches); each spine with eight to twelve sutural condyles. Meshes of the shell ten to twenty times as broad as the bars.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15; breadth of the spines and bars 0.003.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.

4. Stauraspis stauracantha, n. sp. (Pl. 137, figs. 5, 6).

Radial spines thin, in the inner longer half cylindrical, in the outer half conical with thickened base. Four apophyses of each spine doubly forked or dichotomously (more or less irregularly) branched; each spine with sixteen to twenty-four sutural condyles. Meshes of the shell of very different sizes and forms; the largest ten to fifteen, the smallest two to three times as broad as the bars.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.14; breadth of of the spines 0.002 to 0.01, of the bars 0.002.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 343, surface.

Genus 359. Echinaspis,^[16] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 467.

Definition—Dorataspida without perforated plates; shell composed only of the meeting branches of the four crossed apophyses, which arise (opposite in pairs) from each radial spine. Condyles of the branch-ends bearing by-spines.

The genus Echinaspis exhibits the same structure of the shell as its ancestral form Stauraspis, and differs from it only in the development of by-spines on the sutural condyli.

1. Echinaspis dichotoma, n. sp.

Radial spines cylindrical, thin, outer half longer than the inner. Four apophyses of each spine simply forked (or partly with bifid fork-branches); therefore each spine usually possesses eight (sometimes ten to twelve) sutural condyles. Meshes of the shell ten to twelve times as broad as the bars. Each condyle bears a zigzag by-spine, half as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the spines 0.004 to 0.006.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 253, surface.

2. Echinaspis diadema, n. sp.

Radial spines thin and long, quadrangular, prismatic; outer half two to three times as long as the inner. Four apophyses of each spine simply forked (or partly with bifid fork-branches); each spine with eight to twelve sutural condyles. Meshes of the shell fifteen to twenty-five times as broad as the bars. Each condyle bears a simple bristle-shaped by-spine, nearly as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.11; breadth of the spines and bars 0.002.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.

3. Echinaspis echinoides, n. sp. (Pl. 137, figs. 7,8).

Radial spines roundish, in the outer half conical, and two to three times as broad as in the inner half. Four apophyses of each spine doubly forked or dichotomously (more or less irregularly) branched; each spine with sixteen to twenty-four sutural condyles. Meshes of the shell four to eight times as broad as the bars. Each condyle bears a zigzag by-spine, one-third as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15; breadth of the spines 0.004 to 0.01, of the bars 0.002.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.

Genus 360. Zonaspis,^[17] n. gen.

Definition.—Dorataspida with four plates, each of which is perforated by four crossed aspinal pores; these four plates are formed by the united branches of the other spines (eight polar and eight tropical) form no lattice-plates by union. Each condyle bears a by-spine.

The genus Zonaspis differs from all other Dorataspida in the peculiar formation of the four equatorial spines, which form by union of the recurved branches of their apophyses four perforated plates (each with four crossed pores), whilst the branches of the sixteen other plates do not unite to form plates, but simply meet the branches of the neighboring spines.

1. Zonaspis fragilis, n. sp.

Radial spines very thin and long, cylindrical. Four meshes of each equatorial plate pentagonal, ten to twelve times as broad as the bars. By-spines zig-zag, nearly as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the parmal pores 0.018.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.

2. Zonaspis cingulata, n. sp. (Pl. 134, figs. 3, 4).

Radial spines cylindrical in the inner half, with thickened pyramidal bases (fig. 3), conical in the outer half; both halves of equal length. The four meshes of each equatorial plate egg-shaped, four to six times as broad as the bars. By-spines zigzag, half as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the parmal meshes 0.015.

Habitat.—Tropical Pacific (east coast off Philippines), Station 275, surface.

3. Zonaspis æquatorialis, n. sp. (Pl. 135, fig. 5).

Radial spines stout, cylindrical in the shorter inner half, conical in the longer outer half. The four meshes of each equatorial plate circular, only twice as broad as the bars. By-spines zigzag, nearly as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.11, of the parmal meshes 0.008.

Habitat.—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.

Genus 361. Dodecaspis,^[18] n. gen.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twelve plates, each of which is perforated by four crossed aspinal pores; these twelve plates are formed by the united branches of the apophyses of four equatorial and eight polar spines. The branches of the apophyses of the eight tropical spines form no lattice-plates by union. Each condyle bears a by-spine.

The genus Dodecaspis differs from all other Dorataspida in the peculiar composition of its shell; twelve spines (four equatorial and eight polar spines) form by union of the branches of their apophyses twelve plates, each of which exhibits four crossed pores, whilst the eight other (tropical) spines form no perforated plates, but simply unite with the neighbouring spines by meeting branches. Some irregularity is often to be found in this genus; instead of four pores in each plate there may be two closed, the other two which are opposite being open. Several times I observed a peculiar "hemihedral" variety: only six spines of one meridian plane (the two equatorial and the four polar spines of the "hydrotomical" plane) exhibited complete shields, whilst the branches of the other fourteen plates remained open. This "hemihedral" form may perhaps represent a peculiar genus, Hemiaspis.

1. Dodecaspis tricinata, n. sp. (Pl. 134, fig. 1).

Radial spines thin and long, cylindrical. The four meshes of each equatorial and each polar plate of equal size, pentagonal, about eight times as broad as the bars. By-spines zigzag, nearly as long as the radius. In this species the hemihedral variety, Hemiaspis, often occurs.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the parmal pores 0.016.

Habitat.—South-east Pacific (west coast of Patagonia), Station 302, surface.

2. Dodecaspis trizonia, n. sp.

Radial spines thin, cylindrical in the longer inner half, conical in the shorter outer half. The four meshes of each equatorial and each polar plate of equal size, roundish or nearly circular, five to six times as broad as the bars. By-spines straight, denticulated, scarcely half as long as the radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the parmal pores 0.012.

Habitat.—South-west Pacific (east coast of New Zealand), Station 169, surface.

B. Tribe II. Lychnaspida, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 467.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty perforated plates or fenestrated shields (each plate at least with four pores), produced by union of the branches of the four crossed apophyses, which arise, opposite in pairs, from each radial spine. The spherical shell is composed of the twenty plates united by sutures (rarely by concrescence).

Genus 362. Tessaraspis,^[19] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty plates, which are perforated by eighty aspinal pores (four crossed pores in each plate). Surface smooth, without by-spines.

The genus Tessaraspis introduces the series of Lychnaspida, which comprise all those Dorataspida in which the shell is composed of twenty plates, each of which is perforated by four primary aspinal pores. In Tessaraspis and Lychnaspis each plate exhibits only these four primary pores, whilst in Icosaspis and Hylaspis they become surrounded by a circle of secondary or coronal pores. If in Stauraspis, the common ancestral form of the Tessaraspida, the four crossed apophyses of each single radial spine became recurved and united together, we should have the typical plate of Tessaraspis, in which the piercing radial spine is surrounded by four crossed pores of equal size. The number of sutural pores, between the neighbouring plates, is variable; usually each plate is surrounded by a circle of eight to twelve sutural pores. The sutures between the meeting condyles of the apophyses usually remain open; but in some species they become obliterated (subgenus Tessaraspidium).

Subgenus 1. Tessarasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Condyles of the neighbouring plates connected by permanent open sutures; therefore the whole shell is composed of twenty separated pieces of acanthin.

1. Tessaraspis arachnoides, n. sp. (Pl. 136, fig. 1).

Parmal pores pentagonal, ten to twenty times as broad as the thin thread-like bars, on an average of about the same size as the irregular sutural meshes; the majority of the latter are either triangular or hexagonal. Radial spines very thin and long, cylindrical, their outer part two to four times as long as the inner. As the insertion of the spines is on the highest point of the plates, the shell becomes polyhedral (dodecahedral?).

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.17, of the parmal meshes 0.02 to 0.025, sutural meshes 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.002.

Habitat.—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.

2. Tessaraspis pentagonalis, n. sp.

Parmal meshes pentagonal, three to four times as broad as the thick bars, and on an average smaller than the irregular polygonal sutural meshes. Radial spines stout, quadrangular; their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner prismatic part.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the parmal pores 0.01 to 0.012, bars 0.003.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 269, surface.

3. Tessaraspis tetragonalis, n. sp.

Parmal meshes tetragonal, or nearly square, six to eight times as broad as the thin bars, and on an average larger than the irregular polygonal sutural meshes. Radial spines thin, quadrangular, prismatic, their outer part longer than their inner.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the parmal pores 0.012 to 0.016, bars 0.002.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 288, surface.

4. Tessaraspis hexagonalis, n. sp.

Parmal meshes hexagonal, ten to twelve times as broad as the thin bars, and on an average larger than the polygonal sutural meshes (the two proximal sides of each hexagonal parmal mesh two to three times as long as the four distal sides). Radial spines cylindrical, thin; their outer part longer than the inner.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the parmal pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.001.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 254, surface.

5. Tessaraspis trigonalis, n. sp.

Parmal meshes triangular, three to four times as broad as the thick bars, and on an average smaller than the irregular sutural meshes (in each plate all four parmal meshes of the same size, formed like an isosceles triangle, the distal base of which is somewhat curved, and convex towards the periphery, whilst the two proximal sides are straight). Radial spines thick, rounded; their outer conical part shorter than the inner cylindrical part.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the parmal pores 0.01, of the sutural pores 0.01 to 0.02.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic (near Ascension), Station 345, depth 2010 fathoms.

6. Tessaraspis circularis, n. sp.

Parmal meshes circular, all eighty of equal size, quite regular, five to six times as broad as the thick bars, on an average larger than the roundish irregular sutural meshes. Radial spines quadrangular, prismatic, the outer part longer than the inner.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.18, parmal pores 0.015 to 0.018, bars 0.003.

Habitat.—South-east Pacific, Station 300, surface.

7. Tessaraspis micropora, n. sp.

Parmal meshes circular, very small, all eighty of the same size, regular, scarcely as broad as the separating thick bars, and much smaller than the large irregular sutural meshes. Radial spines rounded, their outer conical part about as long as the inner cylindrical part.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.08, of the parmal pores 0.003, of the sutural pores 0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.004.

Habitat.—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, surface.

8. Tessaraspis diodon, Haeckel.

Dorataspis diodon, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 417, Taf. xxii. figs. 1-5.

Parmal meshes roundish, for the most part nearly circular, three to four times as broad as the bars, and on an average smaller than the roundish sutural meshes. Radial spines in the inner part cylindrical; the outer part very short (only one-third or one-fourth of the radius), divided completely into two parallel conical pointed teeth by a deep incision.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the parmal pores 0.01 to 0.012, of the sutural pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.004.

Habitat.—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.

9. Tessaraspis quadriforis, n. sp.

Parmal meshes irregular, roundish, of nearly equal size, four to six times as broad as the bars, and on an average of the same size as the roundish sutural meshes. Radial spines quadrangular, prismatic in the inner part, which is somewhat longer than the conical outer part.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the pores 0.012 to 0.018, bars 0.003.

Habitat.—North Atlantic, Canary and Cape Verde Islands, Station 353, surface.

10. Tessaraspis irregularis, n. sp.

Parmal meshes irregular, roundish, of unequal size, three to six times as broad as the bars, and on an average larger than the irregular sutural meshes. Radial spines cylindrical, the outer part longer than the inner part.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.13, parmal pores 0.006 to 0.012, sutural pores 0.005 to 0.01; bars 0.002.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.

Subgenus 2. Tessaraspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Condyles of the neighbouring plates grown together and sutures obliterated; therefore the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin.

11. Tessaraspis quadrata, n. sp.

Tessaraspidium quadratum, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.

Parmal meshes square, four times as broad as the thin bars, on an average of the same size as the polygonal sutural meshes. Radial spines stout, tetrapterous, prismatic, in the outer part longer than in the inner. Sutures of the shell completely obliterated, therefore the whole shell forms one piece.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the parmal pores 0.012, sutural pores 0.01 to 0.015.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.

12. Tessaraspis rotunda, n. sp.

Parmal meshes circular, of equal size, twice as broad as the thick bars, on an average smaller than the roundish sutural meshes. Radial spines cylindrical in the inner part, which is somewhat longer than the outer conical part. Sutures of the shell completely obliterated, therefore the whole shell forms one piece.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, parmal pores 0.008, sutural pores 0.005 to 0.015.

Habitat.—North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.

13. Tessaraspis concreta, n. sp. (Pl. 136 fig. 5).

Parmal meshes irregular, polygonal or roundish, six to eight times as broad as the narrow and high bars, much larger than the irregular sutural meshes. Radial spines leaf-shaped, compressed, two-edged, pointed at both ends; inner and outer part nearly of equal size. Shell very thick walled; meshes therefore funnel-shaped; sutures completely obliterated, therefore the whole shell forms a single piece.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.09, parmal pores 0.02, sutural pores 0.01.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.

Genus 363. Lychnaspis,^[20] Haeckel, 1862, Prodromus, p. 468.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty plates, which are perforated by eighty aspinal pores (four crossed pores in each plate). Surface covered with numerous by-spines.

The genus Lychnaspis, the largest and most common of all Dorataspida, exhibits the same structure of the shell as its ancestral form Tessaraspis, and differs from it only in the development of by-spines on the sutural condyles. Many species of this genus are very widely distributed, and appear in large numbers, and some of them are amongst the most graceful and elegant of the Radiolaria.

Subgenus 1. Lychnasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Condyles of the neighbouring plates connected by permanent open sutures; therefore the whole shell is composed of twenty separate pieces of acanthin.

1. Lychnaspis giltschii, n. sp. (Pl. 135, fig. 3).

Parmal meshes pentagonal, about ten or twelve times as broad as the thin bars, on an average of the same size as the irregular polygonal sutural meshes. By-spines (two hundred to three hundred) very delicate, half as long as the radius, barbed, and zigzag. Radial main-spines very thin and long, straight, cylindrical; their outer part longer than the inner part.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the parmal pores 0.02, sutural pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.002.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Stations 338 to 348, surface.

2. Lychnaspis capillaris, n. sp.

Parmal meshes pentagonal, twenty to thirty times as broad as the very thin thread-like bars, on an average of the same size as the irregular polygonal sutural meshes. By-spines (two hundred to two hundred and fifty) very delicate, zigzag, with very small denticles, one-third as long as the radius. Radial main-spines very thin and long, cylindrical, more or less undulated.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.25, parmal pores 0.025, sutural pores 0.02 to 0.04, bars 0.001.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 250, surface.

3. Lychnaspis maxima, n. sp.

Parmal meshes pentagonal, six to eight times as broad as the thick bars, for the most part larger than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (four hundred to five hundred) nearly as long as the radius, zigzag, with short denticles. Radial spines very long and stout, quadrangularly-prismatic, with four smooth edges.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.3, parmal pores 0.03, sutural pores 0.01 to 0.025, bars 0.004.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.

4. Lychnaspis serrata, n. sp.

Parmal meshes pentagonal, three to four times as broad as the thick bars, smaller than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (two hundred to three hundred) scarcely one-third as long as the radius, zigzag, with strong denticles. Radial spines very long, stout, quadrangularly-prismatic, with four serrated edges.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.22, parmal pores 0.015, sutural pores 0.012 to 0.03, bars 0.004.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.

5. Lychnaspis wagenschieberi, n. sp.

Parmal meshes tetragonal, nearly rhombic, three to four times as broad as the thick bars, smaller than the large irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (about two hundred) large, as long as the radius, with long recurved denticles, very zigzag. Radial main-spines very long, four-sided prismatic. This species differs by the form and size of the spines, and by the square form of the parmal pores from the similar Lychnaspis polyancistra, of which the late excellent engraver Wagenschieber, of Berlin, has given such a beautiful figure in my monograph (Taf. xxi. fig. 8).

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, parmal pores 0.014, sutural pores 0.015 to 0.02, bars 0.004.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.

6. Lychnaspis polyancistra, Haeckel.

Dorataspis polyancistra, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 418, Taf. xxi. figs. 7-9.

Parmal meshes roundish, tetragonal, or nearly square, two to three times as broad as the thick bars, smaller than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (about two hundred) thin, half as long as the radius, zigzag, with blunt denticles. Radial main-spines stout, in the inner half cylindrical, in the outer half (of the same length) conical, pointed.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12, parmal pores 0.012, sutural pores 0.01 to 0.04, bars 0.004.

Habitat.—Mediterranean (Messina), surface.

7. Lychnaspis rottenburgii, n. sp. (Pl. 135, fig. 4).

Parmal meshes roundish, about twice as broad as the thick bars, and for the most part smaller than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (about two hundred to two hundred and fifty) thin, zigzag, half as long as the radius. Radial main-spines very strong, cylindrical in the inner half, in the outer half much thicker and conical, pointed. I call this species in honour of my learned friend, the great patron of zoological studies, Mr. Paul Rottenburg, of Glasgow.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.15, parmal pores 0.012, sutural pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.006.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.

8. Lychnaspis undulata, n. sp. (Pl. 135, fig. 2).

Parmal meshes circular, twice as broad as the thick bars, on an average of the same size as the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (one hundred and fifty to two hundred) very thin, barbed and zigzag, as long as the radius. Radial main-spines cylindrical; their outer pointed part longer than the inner part.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, parmal pores 0.01, sutural pores 0.01, bars 0.005.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 343, surface.

9. Lychnaspis longissima, n. sp. (Pl. 134, fig. 6).

Parmal meshes circular, very small, of the same breadth as the thick bars, much smaller than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (one hundred to one hundred and ten) very long and thin, zigzag, twice as long as the diameter of the shell. Radial main-spines very long and strong, cylindrical (at the base quadrangular, pyramidal), four to six times as long as the diameter of the shell, and one fourth as thick as its radius.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.08, parmal pores 0.002, sutural pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length of the radial spines 0.3 to 0.5.

Habitat.—Tropical Pacific (Philippines), Stations 200 to 215, surface.

10. Lychnaspis minima, n. sp. (Pl. 134, figs. 2, 7, 8).

Parmal meshes circular, very small, only half as broad as the thick bars, much smaller than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (one hundred to one hundred and ten) half as long as the radius, zigzag. Radial main-spines thick, in the inner part cylindrical, in the outer shorter part conical, of very variable size.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.05, parmal pores 0.002, sutural pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.004.

Habitat.—Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.

Subgenus 2. Lychnaspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Condyles of the neighbouring plates grown together and sutures obliterated, therefore the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin.

11. Lychnaspis echinoides, Haeckel.

Haliomma echinoides, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.36, Taf. v. figs. 3, 4.

Haliommatidium echinoides, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 22.

Haliommatidium echinoides, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 422.

Parmal meshes pentagonal or somewhat roundish, four times as broad as the bars, and of about the same size as the polygonal meshes. By-spines (about two hundred) short, zigzag. Radial spines thin; their outer conical part shorter than the inner cylindrical part. Sutures perfectly obliterated, but recognisable by the characteristic pair of divergent by-spines. (Some recent observations on this species, made during 1880 in Portofino, have convinced me that the interpretation of it given in my Monograph, 1862, loc. cit., was quite correct.)

Haliomma ligurinum, J. Müller (= Haliommatidium ligurinum, Haeckel, L. N. 16, p. 423) seems to be closely allied to the preceding.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, parmal pores 0.015, sutural pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.004.

Habitat.—Mediterranean, Nice, Saint Tropez (J. Müller); Portofino near Genoa (Haeckel).

12. Lychnaspis haliommidium, n. sp.

Lychnaspidium haliommidium, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.

Parmal meshes circular, twice as broad as the bars, smaller than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (about two hundred) barbed and zigzag, as long as the radius. Radial main-spines four-sided; their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner prismatic part. Sutures perfectly obliterated.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.1, parmal pores 0.01, sutural meshes 0.015 to 0.02.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.

13. Lychnaspis rabbeana, n. sp.

Parmal meshes circular, very small, of the same breadth as the bars, and much smaller than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (about one hundred) very long and thin, zigzag, about as long as the diameter of the shell. Radial main-spines cylindrical, thick, twice to three times as long as the diameter of the shell. Sutures perfectly obliterated, with thickened condyles. Named in honour of Captain Henrik Rabbe (of Bremen), to whom I am indebted for many new Indian and Atlantic Radiolaria.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.086, parmal pores 0.002, sutural pores 0.012, bars 0.002.

Habitat.—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.

14. Lychnaspis cataplasta, n. sp.

Parmal pores very small, circular, half as broad as the bars, and much smaller than the irregular sutural pores. By-spines zigzag, as long as the diameter of the shell. Radial main-spines very thin and long, needle-shaped, cylindrical, five to six times as long as the diameter of the shell. Sutures perfectly obliterated. (This stunted species is one of the smallest of the Dorataspida.)

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.05, parmal pores 0.0015, sutural pores 0.01, bars 0.002.

Habitat.—Antarctic Ocean (off Kerguelen Island), Station 149, surface.

Genus 364. Icosaspis,^[21] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty plates, which are perforated by one hundred and sixty to three hundred or more parmal pores (in each plate four crossed aspinal pores, and around them four to twelve or more coronal pores). Surface without by-spines.

The genus Icosaspis and the closely allied Hylaspis differ from all other Tessaraspida in the increased number of the parmal pores. Whilst this number in all other genera is eighty (only four crossed pores in each plate), here it amounts to one hundred and sixty to three hundred or more (sometimes more than a thousand); in each shield four primary, crossed "aspinal pores" being surrounded by a circle of four to twelve or more "coronal pores." The number of sutural pores in these two genera is also increased.

Subgenus 1. Icosasparium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Condyles of the neighboring plates connected by permanent open sutures; therefore the whole shell composed of twenty separated pieces of acanthin.

1. Icosaspis tabulata, n. sp. (Pl. 136, fig. 2).

Parmal meshes all of nearly equal size and form, square, four times as broad as the bars, little larger than the triangular or polygonal sutural meshes. In each plate fifty to seventy (regularly sixty-four) quadrangular pores, viz., four primary square aspinal meshes, forming together a regular square surrounded by two to three coronas of rectangular (not quite regular) coronal meshes (six to eight in each transverse row). Radial spines tetrapterous, prismatic, with four thin and broad wings, from which arise the crossed bars between the four primary pores. Outer part of the spines longer than the inner. Commonly the condyles of the plates are only contiguous; sometimes they grow together, and this form approaches Icosaspis tetragonopa.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, of the pores 0.02, bars 0.005.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.

2. Icosaspis elegans, n. sp. (Pl. 136, fig. 4; Pl. 134, fig. 9).

Tessaraspis elegans, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript et Atlas.

Parmal meshes of very different size and form; in the centre of each plate a cross of four primary, pear-shaped "aspinal pores" (the largest of all); between them four secondary, little smaller, crossed, egg-shaped "angular pores"; around this rosette of eight larger meshes an inner complete circle of sixteen to twenty polygonal coronal pores, and an outer incomplete circle of thirty to forty very small marginal pores. The latter are smaller than the irregular sutural meshes, which are constricted in the middle, about forty to sixty around each plate. Radial spines thin, cylindrical, or a little compressed; their outer part longer than the inner. In this elegant and very common species the condyles usually remain separated by sutures; but sometimes the latter become obliterated, and the whole shell then forms a single piece, Icosaspidium elegans.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, commonly 0.25; larger parmal pores 0.02, smaller 0.001 to 0.003; sutural pores 0.005 to 0.015; bars 0.003.

Habitat.—Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic, Canary Islands to Ascension Island, Stations 340 to 354, surface.

3. Icosaspis cruciata, n. sp. (Pl. 134, fig. 10).

Parmal meshes very different; in the centre of each plate a cross of four primary, nearly oblong, rectangular "aspinal pores"; between these four secondary, triangular, egg-shaped "angular pores" (the largest of all), and around this rosette a single circle of twelve to twenty-four small "coronal pores." The latter are of about the same size as the irregular sutural meshes, of which there are twenty to thirty around each plate. Radial spines thin, cylindrical, or a little compressed; their outer part longer than the inner.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, commonly 0.25; larger parmal pores 0.025, smaller 0.005 to 0.01; bars 0.005.

Habitat.—Tropical and Subtropical Pacific, Sandwich to Marquesas Islands, Stations 256 to 274, surface.

4. Icosaspis ornata, n. sp.

Parmal meshes very different; in the centre of each plate a cross of four primary octagonal aspinal pores (the largest of all); between them four secondary, rhombic angular pores, and around this rosette a circle of twelve to sixteen smaller, polyhedral coronal pores, which are however larger than the irregular sutural pores (surrounding each plate to the number of twenty to thirty). Radial spines thin, quadrangular, prismatic; the outer part longer than the inner.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.25; larger parmal pores 0.03, smaller 0.01; sutural pores 0.004 to 0.008; bars 0.006.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.

5. Icosaspis spectabilis, n. sp.

Parmal meshes very different; in the centre of each plate four very large, pentagonal aspinal pores, and around these two to three circles of smaller polygonal coronal pores, which are very numerous, and not larger than the small sutural pores. Radial spines quadrangular, prismatic, stout, very long; the outer part two to three times as long as the inner.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.4, of the larger aspinal meshes 0.03, of the outer meshes 0.002 to 0.02, bars 0.005.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.

6. Icosaspis multiforis, n. sp.

Parmal meshes very numerous, more than one hundred in each plate; in the centre four larger pear-shaped pores, and around these four to five circles of smaller pores, gradually smaller towards the margin of the plate; the sutural meshes also very small and numerous (more than fifty around each plate), so that the number of all the pores together amounts to two thousand or even more. Radial spines thin, cylindrical, very long.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.32; larger aspinal pores 0.02, smaller 0.002 to 0.01; bars 0.003.

Habitat.—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.

Subgenus 2. Icosaspidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Condyles of the neighbouring plates grown together, and sutures obliterated; therefore the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin.

7. Icosaspis tetragonopa, Haeckel.

Haliommatidium tetragonopum, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p.421, Taf. xxii. fig. 13.

Parmal meshes all of nearly equal size and form, square, three times as broad as the bars, little larger than the sutural meshes. In each plate commonly sixteen equal square meshes, viz., four primary aspinal and twelve secondary, surrounding the former as a square corona. Radial spines tetrapterous, stout; the outer pyramidal half somewhat longer than the inner. This species differs from the similar Icosaspis tabulata (Pl. 136, fig. 2) in the concrescence of the sutures, the smaller number of pores, and the form of the stouter spines. The figure in my Monograph, drawn from a broken fragment, is not quite correct.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.18, pores 0.009, bars 0.003.

Habitat.—Mediterranean (Messina, Corfu), surface.

8. Icosaspis icosahedra, n. sp.

Parmal meshes of different size and form; in the centre of each plate a cross of four pentagonal, primary aspinal pores, surrounded by a complete corona of twelve to sixteen polygonal coronal pores and an incomplete corona of thirty to forty very small marginal pores; the latter are not to be distinguished from the pores of the obliterated sutures. Radial spines quadrangular, the outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner prismatic part. Condyles grown together. As the plates are quite even, the shell becomes icosahedral.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.002 to 0.02, bars 0.005.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 241, surface.

9. Icosaspis icosastaura, n. sp. (Pl. 136, fig. 3).

Tessaraspis icosastaura, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript et Atlas.

Parmal plates of different size and form; in the centre of each plate a cross of four larger primary, pyriform aspinal pores; between these four smaller roundish angular pores, and around this rosette a circle of ten to twenty (commonly sixteen) coronal pores, little larger than the very small sutural pores. Radial spines very thin and long, cylindrical or bristle-shaped. Condyles grown together; no suture visible.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.14; larger pores of the cross 0.01, smaller pores 0.002 to 0.008; bars 0.002 to 0.004.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.

Genus 365. Hylaspis,^[22] n. gen.

Definition.—Dorataspida with twenty plates, which are perforated by one hundred and sixty to three hundred or more parmal pores (in each plate four crossed aspinal pores, and around them four to twelve or more coronal pores). Surface covered with numerous by-spines.

The genus Hylaspis exhibits the same structure of the shell as the nearly allied ancestral genus Icosaspis, and differs from it only in the development of by-spines. Some species of these two genera exhibit the highest degree of complication in the structure of the shell seen among the Dorataspida.

1. Hylaspis serrulata, n. sp. (Pl. 135, fig. 1).

Parmal meshes four hundred to five hundred; in the centre of each plate a cross of four very large pentagonal or roundish aspinal pores, and around this a circle of sixteen to twenty much smaller irregular, polygonal, coronal pores; the latter of about the same size as the sutural pores. On each condyle one thin zigzag-shaped by-spine, nearly as long as the radius. Twenty radial spines very long, quadrangular, prismatic; on the inside thinner and smooth, on the outside thickened, and armed with four rows of recurved teeth, serrated.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.18, aspinal spines 0.02, other pores 0.002 to 0.01, bars 0.003.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 326, surface.

2. Hylaspis coronata, n. sp.

Parmal meshes five hundred to six hundred; in the centre of each plate a cross of four long rectangular aspinal pores, between these four larger egg-shaped angular pores; around this rosette a circle of sixteen to twenty much smaller, irregular, roundish, coronal pores; the latter about of the same size as the sutural pores. On each condyle one bearded by-spine about one-third or one-fourth as long as the radius. Twenty radial spines, very long, smooth, quadrangular, prismatic.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.25, aspinal pores 0.02, other pores 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.004.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.

3. Hylaspis barbata, n. sp.

Parmal meshes twelve hundred to sixteen hundred; in the centre of each plate a cross of four large, somewhat oblong, octahedral aspinal pores, between these four rhombic smaller angular pores; around this rosette an inner circle of twelve to sixteen larger and an outer circle of fifty to sixty very small coronal pores; the latter smaller than the sutural pores. On each condyle one bristle-shaped zigzag by-spine, with recurved thin hooks, half as long as the radius. Twenty radial spines, very long, cylindrical, smooth.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, aspinal pores 0.022, other pores 0.002 to 0.015, bars 0.002.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 295, surface.

Family XLI. Phractopeltida, Haeckel (Pl. 133, figs. 1-6).

Phractopeltida, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.

Definition.—Acantharia with double spherical lattice-shell, composed of the branched apophyses of twenty radial spines meeting in its centre, and disposed according to the Müllerian law of Icosacantha. Central capsule spherical, enclosing the inner and surrounded by the outer concentric shell.

The family Phractopeltida differs from all other Acantharia in the development of a double spherical shell, composed of two concentric lattice-spheres, which are united by twenty radial spines meeting in the common centre. We could therefore oppose the Phractopeltida as Diplophracta to all other Acanthophracta as Haplophracta (with simple shell). The former exhibit a relation to the latter, similar to that exhibited by the Dyosphærida to the simple Monosphærida among the Sphæroidea.

In my Monograph (1862, p. 423) I described only one genus appertaining to this family, Aspidomma. I founded it upon the singular Phractopelta, described by J. Müller as Haliomma hystrix. A second species of Aspidomma, the Acanthometra mucronata of J. Müller, was probably an Astrolonche. At that time I placed Aspidomma among the Haliommatida, led by the erroneous opinion that it might represent a transition-form between Dorataspis and Haliomma. But I afterwards gave up this view, as I was convinced that there is no true phylogenetic connection between the acanthinic Dorataspida (Actipylea) and the siliceous Haliommatida (Peripylea). Therefore in my Prodromus (1881, p. 468) I placed Aspidomma among the Dorataspida and changed its name to Phractopelta, to avoid further confusion with the unrelated Ommatida (Sphæroidea). It formed there, with three nearly related genera, the "subfamily Phractopeltida," which we now advance to the higher rank of a separate family. (By a typographical mistake the words are printed in the Prodromus Phractopelma and Phractopelmida, &c., instead of Phractopelta and Phractopeltida, &c.). The detection of other new species appertaining to this family, and a closer anatomical investigation of them, has now led to the distinction of five different genera, characterised by other differences than were employed in 1881 in the provisional system of the "Prodromus."

The two concentric spherical lattice-shells of the Phractopeltida, connected by radial beams, correspond perfectly to those of the double-shelled Dyosphærida (Haliomma, Diplosphæra, &c.), and in both cases we may call the smaller inner the "medullary shell," and the larger outer the "cortical shell." There is no doubt that the double-shelled Phractopeltida must be derived phylogenetically from the simple-shelled Dorataspida (just as we derive the double Dyosphærida from the simple Monosphærida). But it is not yet possible to decide positively which of the two shells is the first formed. Probably the small inner or medullary shell of the Phractopeltida is the first formed, and corresponds to the simple spherical lattice-shell of the Dorataspida; and the larger outer or cortical shell of the former is a later new formation, absent in the latter family. This opinion seems to be confirmed by the genus Orophaspis, the only form among the Dorataspida, in which the radial spines outside the shell bear free latticed apophyses. If these twenty apophyses grow further and meet one another, the second or outer shell of Phractopelta may be formed. But some objections may be raised to this opinion from the peculiar structure and the very small size of the inner shell; and there is some possibility that this latter is a secondary later product inside of the primary cortical shell. The probably phylogenetic series which reveals the origin of the Phractopeltida is the following:—Acanthometron, Zygacantha, Lithophyllium, Phractacantha, Doracantha, Dorataspis, Orophaspis, Phractopelta.

The twenty radial spines exhibit in all Phractopeltida the same characteristic position and relation as in all other Icosacantha, and are constantly arranged according to the Müllerian law in four meridian planes, their distal ends falling into five parallel zones. Their distinction in the majority of the Phractopeltida is not difficult, since the spines of the different zones bear apophyses of different shapes. Sometimes the four equatorial spines are stouter than the sixteen other spines, and often the eight tropical spines are somewhat different in form from the eight polar and from the four equatorial spines. The length of all twenty spines is commonly equal. Their form is usually more or less compressed, two-edged (as in Zygacantha), more rarely cylindrical (as in Acanthometron), or somewhat quadrangular (but not truly prismatic); therefore the transverse section of the spines is commonly elliptical or lanceolate, rarely circular or rhombic, never square; this seems to indicate their origin from Zygacantha. As in all Acantharia, the spines consist of acanthin, not of silex. Their central ends are either perfectly grown together, and form a single star of acanthin, or the triangular faces of their small pyramidal bases are supported one upon another, without true concrescence.

The apophyses of the radial spines, by which the two concentric spherical shells are formed, seem to be constantly four on each spine, two being opposite in each shell. The proximal pair of opposite apophyses, forming the inner or medullary shell, is constantly much smaller than the distal pair composing the outer or cortical shell (Pl. 133, fig. 5). The proximal pair corresponds probably to the two primary apophyses of the Diporaspida (Phractaspis, Dorataspis, &c.), whilst the distal pair corresponds to the free apophyses of Orophaspis (Pl. 133, fig. 6). Therefore the Phractopeltida may be derived phylogenetically from the Diporaspida (not from the Tessaraspida). In the common ancestral genus of this family, Phractopelta, the free part of the radial spines (outside the outer shell) is quite simple, without free apophyses; in all other genera of the family that free part of the spines (either in all twenty spines or only in some of them) bears a third pair of lateral apophyses; these may be either simple or branched or even latticed; but the outer apophyses (of the third rank) remain constantly free, and a third lattice-shell is never formed by union of their edges (Pl. 133, figs. 2-4).

The inner lattice-shell of the Phractopeltida, or their "medullary shell," is constantly very small (commonly 0.03 to 0.05 mm. in diameter, rarely more). Its structure is difficult to make out; in the unbroken shell it is concealed by the dense network of the outer shell; in the broken shell it is commonly destroyed. Usually the pores of the inner shell are very small, circular or subcircular, scarcely as broad as the small separating bars. In the majority of Phractopeltida their number seems to be about forty, being probably the forty primary aspinal pores of the Diporaspida; in some species this number seems to be exceeded, so that perhaps some sutural pores may exist between the aspinal pores; but commonly the twenty plates composing the inner shell (each with two aspinal pores) seems to grow together perfectly by their meeting edges, so that there are no sutural pores between them. Evident sutures were not recognisable in the inner shell of any Phractopeltida.

The outer lattice-shell of the Phractopeltida, or their "cortical shell," is at least twice as broad, commonly about three times as broad, as the enclosed inner shell; it is much more varied in composition than the latter. Like the greater part of the Dorataspida we may distinguish here in the lattice-work two kinds of pores—parmal pores and sutural pores. The parmal pores are produced by the union of the meeting branches of the apophyses of each single spine, and are therefore visible on each isolated spine; whilst the sutural pores are formed by the meeting branches of the apophyses of neighbouring spines. The distinction of the parmal and the sutural pores, easy in most Dorataspida, is difficult in most Phractopeltida, because the sutures between the meeting branches are usually very early obliterated. However, the place of the obliterated suture is often indicated by the thickened condyles of the apophyses on both sides of the suture. Commonly also the form of the sutural pores is much more irregular than that of the parmal pores; the former are more or less constricted in the middle by the intumescence of the sutural condyles, whilst the latter are more roundish, elliptical, kidney-shaped, or square. The number of the pores in the outer shell in the typical normal form of Phractopeltida seems to be the same as in the most species of Dorataspis, Diporaspis, &c., between ninety and one hundred, viz., forty parmal pores and from fifty to sixty sutural pores. However, in many species this number is increased. Since in all Phractopeltida, each of the twenty plates is composed only of the meeting branches of two opposite apophyses, we find originally in each plate only two primary parmal pores or "aspinal pores." But in some species there occur four, six, or more pores in each plate; in this case two of them only are aspinal pores, all the others being "coronal pores." Moreover, in those species which exhibit on the base of each spine in the outer shell four crossed pores (Pl. 133, fig. 2), there are not four equivalent aspinal pores (as in the Tessaraspida), but the two opposite are primary or aspinal pores and the other two (different from them in size and form) coronal pores. However, the number of coronal pores in the Phractopeltida is never so large as in many Dorataspida, and the same holds good also for the increasing number of the irregular sutural pores. In none of the species observed does the total number of the pores in the outer shell reach two hundred.

The original mode of development of the apophyses composing the outer shell seems to be imitated by the free apophyses of the third order, which are developed from the radial spines outside the outer shell in all Phractopeltida, with the single exception of the simple ancestral genus Phractopelta. These apophyses of the third rank are also originally constantly two, opposite to one another (after the type of Lithophyllium, Dorataspis, &c.). Commonly they do not remain simple, but become branched, and by communication of the neighbouring branches small lattice-plates arise. Originally each of these free lattice-plates has only two parmal pores, but the number of the parmal pores increases afterwards, so that we may distinguish two (primary) aspinal pores, and two, four, or more (secondary) coronal pores. In the majority of species the two opposite apophyses are first crossed at right angles by a transverse beam, and the two parallel transverse beams are again crossed by perpendicular tertiary branches (again parallel to the apophyses). In this case the network of the free lattice-plates becomes more or less rectangular. But in other species the ramification of the apophyses assumes more the form of bifurcation or of irregular branching. As already said, the neighbouring free lattice-plates of this third order never meet, and therefore a complete third shell is never formed.

The different genera of Phractopeltida exhibit very remarkable differences in the development of free apophyses (or lattice-plates of the third order). Whilst in the numerous species of the ancestral genus Phractopelta all twenty spines remain simple, without such apophyses, only in a single observed species (representing the genus Pantopelta) were all twenty spines protected by them. In the three other genera only one part of the spines bears free apophyses, but not the other part. The most frequent form is Dorypelta (Pl. 133, fig. 2); here eight spines are simple (four equatorial and four polar spines of the hydrotomical plane), whilst twelve spines bear apophyses (eight tropical and four polar spines of the geotomical plane). In Octopelta the eight tropical spines only bear apophyses, whilst the twelve other (four equatorial and eight polar) are simple. In Stauropelta finally the four equatorial spines only are simple, whilst the sixteen other bear free apophyses (eight tropical and eight polar spines).

The Central Capsule of the Phractopeltida is constantly spherical, and enclosed between the two concentric spherical shells; it is therefore larger than the inner and smaller than the outer shell. Its wall is pierced by the twenty radial beams connecting the two shells. The shape of the central capsule and of the enveloping calymma is the same as in the other Acanthophracta and specially in the Dorataspida.

Synopsis of the Genera of Phractopeltida.

All twenty spines of the same form,	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	All twenty spines without apophyses in the free external part,	366. Phractopelta.
		All twenty spines with apophyses in the free part,	367. Pantopelta.
Twenty radial spines, partly without, partly with apophyses in the free external part,	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Eight tropical spines with apophyses, twelve others (eight polar and four equatorial) simple,	368. Octopelta.
		Twelve radial spines (eight tropical and four polar) with apophyses, eight others (four polar and four equatorial) simple,	369. Dorypelta.
		Sixteen radial spines (eight tropical and eight polar) with apophyses, four equatorial, simple,	370. Stauropelta.

Genus 366. Phractopelta,^[23] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.

Definition.—Phractopeltida with twenty simple radial spines, bearing no free apophyses outside the outer shell.

The genus Phractopelta is the most simple form among the Phractopeltida, and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. All twenty spines are of nearly equal form and size, and bear no free apophyses on their free part, outside the two concentric shells. Phractopelta may be derived from Orophaspis by further development of the free apophyses, which by union of their branches form a second outer shell around the primary shell of that Dorataspid.

Subgenus 1. Phractopeltaris, Haeckel.

Definition.—Outer shell composed of twenty separated plates, the sutures of their meeting condyles not being grown together.

1. Phractopelta dorataspis, n. sp. (Pl. 133, fig. 1).

Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures. Each plate commonly with two elliptical aspinal pores, which are two to three times as broad as the irregular sutural pores. Radial spines (in the outer free part) compressed, linear, twice as long as the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, of the inner 0.05.

Habitat.—North Pacific (off Japan), Station 239, surface.

2. Phractopelta dyadopora, n. sp.

Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures. Each plate commonly with two kidney-shaped aspinal pores, which are three to four times as broad as the irregular sutural pores. Radial spines conical, about as long as the radius of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 256, surface.

3. Phractopelta diporaspis, n. sp.

Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures. Each plate commonly with two quadrangular aspinal pores, which are four to five times as broad as the irregular sutural pores. Radial spines compressed, sword-shaped, about as long as the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.

4. Phractopelta tessaraspis, n. sp.

Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures. Each plate commonly with four crossed, quadrangular, aspinal pores, the two opposite of which are much larger than the two others. Sutural pores small, roundish. Radial spines compressed, linear, about twice as long as the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.084, of the inner 0.032.

Habitat.—North Pacific (off Japan), Station 238, surface.

5. Phractopelta tetradopora, n. sp.

Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures. Each plate commonly with four crossed quadrangular (or nearly circular) aspinal pores, all of nearly the same size. Sutural pores polygonal or roundish. Radial spines cylindrical, two to three times as long as the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, of the inner 0.045.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 253, surface.

6. Phractopelta hexadopora, n. sp.

Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures. Each plate commonly with six aspinal pores, the two opposite of which are much larger than the four others. Sutural pores small, roundish. Radial spines compressed, two-edged, larger than the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.

7. Phractopelta octadopora, n. sp.

Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent sutures. Each plate commonly with eight aspinal pores, the four crossed being larger than the four others alternating with them. Sutural pores irregular. Radial spines conical, shorter than the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands, surface), Rabbe.

Subgenus 2. Phractopeltidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Outer shell composed of twenty united plates, the sutures of their meeting condyles being grown together.

8. Phractopelta aspidomma, n. sp.

Outer shell composed of twenty united plates, the meeting condyles of which are grown together. On the base of each radial spine (where its outer free part arises from the surface of the outer shell), two large elliptical aspinal pores, two to four times as large as the other roundish pores. Radial spines compressed, sword-shaped, about as long as the radius of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.05.

Habitat.—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.

9. Phractopelta haliomma, n. sp.

Outer shell composed of twenty united plates, the meeting condyles of which are grown together. On the base of each radial spine two large kidney-shaped aspinal pores, little larger than the other irregular pores. Radial spines compressed, linear, two-edged, much longer than the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.03.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 295, surface.

10. Phractopelta tessaromma, Haeckel.

Outer shell composed of twenty united plates, the meeting condyles of which are grown together. On the base of each radial spine four crossed egg-shaped aspinal pores, two opposite of which are much larger than the two others. Sutural pores irregular. Radial spines cylindrical or little compressed, thin, longer than the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.

11. Phractopelta hystrix, Haeckel.

Haliomma hystrix, J. Müller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 37, Taf. v. figs. 1, 2. Aspidomma hystrix, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 424.

Outer shell composed of twenty united plates, the meeting condyles of which are grown together. On the base of each radial spine four crossed circular aspinal spines of equal size. Sutural pores roundish, of about the same size. Radial spines conical, about as long as the radius of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.07, of the inner 0.024.

Habitat.—Mediterranean (Nice), J. Müller, surface.

Genus 367. Pantopelta,^[24] n. gen.

Definition.—Phractopeltida with twenty radial spines, each of which is protected by two free external apophyses.

The genus Pantopelta differs from all other Phractopeltida in the development of free protecting apophyses on all twenty radial spines. Only a single specimen of this rare form was seen, and in this all twenty spines exhibited no marked differences in form and size, but were more or less irregularly developed.

1. Pantopelta icosaspis, n. sp. (Pl. 133, fig. 4).

Apophyses of all twenty radial spines with forked anastomosing branches, forming a more or less irregular cup-like fenestrated shield, pierced by a variable number of pores. Distance of the apophyses from the outer shell equal to half its radius. Pores of the outer shell irregular, roundish, four to six times as broad as those of the inner shell. Radial spines compressed, sword-shaped, longer than the radius of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, of the inner 0.03.

Habitat.—Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.

Genus 368. Octopelta,^[25] n. gen.

Definition.—Phractopeltida with twelve simple spines (four equatorial and eight polar), and with eight tropical spines protected by external free apophyses.

The genus Octopelta differs from the other Phractopeltida in the possession of eight shields or pairs of free apophyses outside the outer lattice-shell; the spines bearing these apophyses are the eight tropical spines. The twelve other spines (eight polar and four equatorial) are quite simple, without apophyses.

1. Octopelta cultella, n. sp.

Apophyses of the eight tropical spines simple, compressed, knife-shaped, about as long as their distance from the outer shell. On the base of each spine (in the network of the outer shell) two orthogonal aspinal pores, two to three times as long as the other polygonal pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, of the inner 0.03.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, surface.

2. Octopelta furcella, n. sp.

Apophyses of the eight tropical spines forked, each with two parallel simple fork-branches, about as long as their distance from the outer shell. On the base of each spine (in the outer shell) two kidney-shaped aspinal pores, about twice as broad as the other irregular pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—South Atlantic (off Tristan d'Acunha), Station 332, surface.

3. Octopelta scutella, n. sp. (Pl. 133, fig. 5).

Apophyses of the eight tropical spines crossed by a transverse beam, which is again crossed by two perpendicular branches; by union of these branches each tropical spine forms a square shield with four crossed pores and twelve to sixteen marginal spikes. On the base of each spine (in the surface of the outer shell) four crossed aspinal pores which correspond to those of the free shields; these are somewhat larger than the other pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.06.

Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.

Genus 369. Dorypelta,^[26] Haeckel, Prodromus, p. 369.

Definition.—Phractopeltida with eight simple spines (four equatorial and four hydrotomical polar spines) and with twelve spines protected by external free apophyses (eight tropical and four geotomical polar spines).

The genus Dorypelta, the most common of all Phractopeltida which are protected by free apophyses, exhibits a very peculiar differentiation of its twenty radial spines. There are constantly eight simple spines and twelve spines with apophyses. The eight simple spines are the four equatorial spines and four polar spines placed in the hydrotomical median plane. The four other polar spines (placed in the geotomical meridian plane) and the eight tropical spines are protected by two opposite apophyses, which are now simple, now branched or shield-shaped. A similar differentiation occurs in no other Acanthophractida.

Subgenus 1. Dorypeltarium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Free apophyses of the radial spines simple, not branched.

1. Dorypelta stauroptera, n. sp.

Apophyses of the long compressed radial spines simple, conical, about as long as their distance from the shell. At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) two elliptical aspinal pores, two to three times as large as the other pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.044.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 238, surface.

2. Dorypelta gladiata, n. sp.

Apophyses of the long cylindrical radial spines simple, triangular, about half as long as their distance from the shell. At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) four crossed aspinal pores, the two opposite of which are much larger than the other two pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.

Subgenus 2. Dorypeltidium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Free apophyses of the radial spines branched, with free (not anastomosing) branches.

3. Dorypelta furcata, n. sp.

Apophyses of the long compressed spines simply forked, each with two simple parallel fork-branches. At the base of each spine two elliptical aspinal pores, much larger than the other roundish pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.

4. Dorypelta tetrodon, n. sp.

Apophyses of the long compressed spines crossed by a transverse beam, which bears four simple parallel fork-branches or spikes (perpendicular to the beam), two larger medial and two smaller lateral. At the base of each spine four crossed aspinal pores of nearly equal size, little different from the other pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.035.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 284, surface.

5. Dorypelta ramosa, n. sp.

Apophyses of the long cylindrical spines crossed by a transverse beam, which bears four to six irregularly branched spikes or fork-branches, the medial of which are larger than the lateral. At the base of each spine four crossed aspinal pores, two opposite of which are much larger than the two other pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 302, surface.

Subgenus 3. Dorypeltonium, Haeckel.

Definition.—Free apophyses of the radial spines branched, and forming perforated shields by union of their anastomosing branches.

6. Dorypelta lithoptera, n. sp.

Apophyses of the long compressed radial spines with anastomosing branches; each spine bearing two free separated shields (each with two roundish aspinal pores). At the base of each spine (in the network of the outer shell) two elliptical aspinal pores, larger than the other pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.03.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 239, surface.

7. Dorypelta tessaraspis, n. sp. (Pl. 133, fig. 2).

Apophyses of the long cylindrical spines with anastomosing branches; each spine bearing a single free shield with four crossed aspinal pores of equal size (on the margin of the shield twelve to sixteen spikes). At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) four crossed aspinal pores, about as large as the other roundish pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, of the inner 0.05.

Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 263, surface.

8. Dorypelta dodecaspis, n. sp.

Apophyses of the long two-edged spines with anastomosing branches; each spine bearing a single free shield with six to eight parmal pores (four crossed aspinal pores alternating with four outer coronal pores), on the margin of each shield twelve to sixteen spikes. At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) four crossed aspinal pores, about as large as the other irregular pores.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—North Pacific (off Japan), Station 235, surface.

Genus 370. Stauropelta,^[27] Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.

Definition.—Phractopeltida with four simple equatorial spines and sixteen spines protected by external free apophyses (eight tropical and eight polar spines).

The genus Stauropelta is distinguished from the other Phractopeltida by the possession of sixteen pairs of free apophyses (on the eight tropical and the eight polar spines); only the other four equatorial spines remain simple, without apophyses, and form a simple cross in the equatorial plane.

1. Stauropelta cruciata, n. sp. (Pl. 133, fig. 3).

Apophyses of the long polar and tropical spines crossed by a transverse beam, which is again crossed by two perpendicular branches parallel to the apophyses; branches with free ends, not united by concrescence. At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) two large elliptical aspinal pores, larger than the other irregular pores. Four equatorial spines simple, without apophyses, of the same size as the other sixteen spines.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.05.

Habitat.—Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.

2. Stauropelta stauropora, n. sp.

Apophyses of the long polar and tropical spines crossed by a transverse beam, which is again crossed by two perpendicular branches parallel to the apophyses; these branches are united by concrescence, and form a square shield with four crossed pores, the centre of which is pierced by the spine. At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) four crossed aspinal pores, corresponding to those of the shield, of about the same size as the other roundish pores. Four equatorial spines, simple, without apophyses, somewhat larger than the other sixteen spines.

Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.04.

Habitat.—Indian Ocean, Sunda-Archipelago, Singapore, Trebing, surface.

1. Sphærocapsa = Spherical capsule; σφαῖρα, κάψα.
2. Astrocapsa = Star-capsule; ἄστρον, κάψα.
3. Porocapsa = Porous capsule; πόρος, κάψα.
4. Cannocapsa = Tubular capsule; κάννα, κάψα.
5. Cenocapsa = Hollow Capsule; κενός, κάψα.
6. Phractaspis = Hedging shield; φρακτός, ἀσπίς.
7. Pleuraspis = Shield formed by ribs; πλεῦρα, ἀσπίς.
8. Dorataspis = Spear on the shield; δόρυ, ἀσπίς.
9. Diporaspis = Shield with two pores; δίπορος, ἀσπίς.
10. Orophaspis = Roof shield; ὄροφος, ἀσπίς.
11. Ceriaspis = Dimply shield; κηρίον, ἀσπίς.
12. Hystrichaspis = Porcupine-shield; ὑστριξ, ἀσπίς.
13. Coscinaspis = Sieve-shield; κόσκινον, ἀσπίς.
14. Acontaspis = Shield with spears; ἀκόντιον, ἀσπίς.
15. Stauraspis = Cross-shield; σταυρός, ἀσπίς.
16. Echinaspis = Urchin with shields; ἐχῖνος, ἀσπίς.
17. Zonaspis = Shell with a girdle of shield; ζώνη, ἀσπίς.
18. Dodecaspis = Shell with twelve shields; δώδεκα, ἀσπίς.
19. Tessaraspis = Shield with four pores; τέσσαρα, ἀσπίς.
20. Lychnaspis = Lantern-shield; λύχνος, ἀσπίς.
21. Icosaspis = Shell with twenty shields; εἴκοσι, ἀσπίς.
22. Hylaspis = Forest shield; ὕλη, ἀσπίς.
23. Phractopelta = Hedging shield; φρακτός, πέλτη.
24. Pantopelta = Shell everywhere with shields; πάντη, πέλτη.
25. Octopelta = Shell with eight shields; ὄκτω, πέλτη.
26. Dorypelta = Spear with a light shield; δόρυ, πέλτη.
27. Stauropelta = Cross-shield; σταυρός, πέλτη.