This work was created and first published before January 1, 1989 in South Africa and is in the public domain there because it is a speech of a political nature or a speech delivered in the course of legal proceedings.

According to the Copyright Act, 1978, § 12 (8) (a), "No copyright shall subsist [...] in speeches of a political nature or in speeches delivered in the course of legal proceedings."


This work is also in the public domain in the United States because it was first published outside the United States (and not published in the U.S. within 30 days), and it was first published before 1989 without complying with U.S. copyright formalities (renewal and/or copyright notice) and it was in the public domain in South Africa speech on the URAA date (January 1, 1996). This is the combined effect of South Africa speech having joined the Berne Convention in 1928, and of 17 USC 104A with its critical date of January 1, 1996.

The critical date for copyright in the United States is January 1, 1989.


This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.

South African speeches published since 1989 are not necessarily in the public domain in the United States; further information is required to determine their status in US copyright law.

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