Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute/Volume 11


TRANSACTIONS


AND


PROCEEDINGS


OF THE


NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE,


1878.


VOL. XI.


EDITED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE INSTITUTE,


By

JAMES HECTOR, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S.


Issued May, 1879.


WELLINGTON:
LYON AND BLAIR, PRINTERS, LAMBTON QUAY

TRUBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.


PREFACE.

The Editor acknowledges with thanks the assistance he has received from the following gentlemen in revising the proofs of their papers:—viz., Messrs. Carruthers, J. T. Thomson, Buller, T. Kirk, Buchanan, and T. W. Kirk.

For the Meteorological Statistics, and the illustrations, the thanks of the Board are due to Messrs. Gore and Buchanan respectively, and to Messrs. McColl and Earle of the lithographic department, who, by permission of the Hon. Colonial Secretary, completed the preparation of the plates.


ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.




Page
 32, line 12, for Island read Land.
 32, line 7 from bottom, for Peter 1st read Peter's.
 32, lines 3 and 4 from bottom, for Ballemy read Balleny.
 33, lines 13 and 15, for Kemp read Kewp.
 37, line 5 from bottom, for was read is.
 38, line 1, for They read Ships.
 39, line 18, for streets read sewers.
 51, line 14, for consume read conserve.
134, line 20, after from insert the sum of.
136, line 24, for the read this.
136, lines 5 and 6 from bottom, after + insert a comma, and at end of each line add the minus sign.
137, line 2 from bottom, omit To compute the eye and object corrections.
138, before line 1, insert To compute the eye and object corrections.
139, line 11 from bottom, for verticle read vertical.
229, line 13, for bases read hairs.
229, line 16, for leaves read hairs.
269, bottom line, for duodesma read duodenum.
270, line 19, for species read spines.
354, line 13, for Cucubus read Cuculus.
354, line 12 from bottom, for marginal read margined.
366, In title of Art. XLIX., for September read November.
397, In title of Art. LVI., for 30th October read 9th November.
469, line 14 from bottom, for intro read nitro.
474, line 8 from bottom, for suitable read notable.
536, line 10 from bottom, for mataurienis read matauriensis.


CONTENTS.




TRANSACTIONS.


I.—Miscellaneous.
PAGES
Art. I. On some of the Terms used in Political Economy. By John Carruthers, M. Inst. C.E. 3–31
II. On Antarctic Exploration. By C. W. Purnell 31–38
III. On the Cleansing of Towns. By J. Turnbull Thomson, C.E., F.R.G.S., F.R.S.S.A., Surveyor-General of New Zealand 38–70
IV. The Maori Canoe. By R. C. Barstow 71–76
V. Contributions towards a better Knowledge of the Maori Race. By W. Colenso, F.L.S. 77–106
VI. On the Ignorance of the Ancient New Zealanders of the Use of Projectile Weapons. By W. Colenso 106–118
VII. On Temporary and Variable Stars. By Prof. A. W. Bickerton, F.C.S., Associate of the Royal School of Mines, London 118–124
VIII. Partial Impact: A possible Explanation of the Origin of the Solar System, Comets, and other Phenomena of the Universe. By Prof. A. W. Bickerton 125–132
IX. On the Calculation of Distances by means of Reciprocal Vertical Angles. By C. W. Adams 132–140
X. A Description of inexpensive Apparatus for measuring the Angles of Position and Distances of Double Stars, and the Method of using it. By James H. Pope 141–144
XI. Deflection of Shingle-bearing Currents and Protection of River Banks by Douslins's Floating Log Dams. By H. P. Macklin 144–146
XII. On Beach Protection. By W. D. Campbell, A.I.C.E. 146–149
XIII. How New Zealand may continue to grow Wheat and other Cereals. By James C. Crawford 149–153
XIV. On the Rock Paintings in the Weka Pass. By A. Mackenzie Cameron. Communicated by Prof. J. von Haast, Ph.D., F.R.S. 154–157
XV. Barat or Barata Fossil Words. By J. Turnbull Thomson, F.R.G.S., F.R.S.S.A., etc. 157–185
II.—Zoology.
XVI. On some Coccidæ in New Zealand. By W. M. Maskell 187–228
XVII. On a Hymenopterous Insect parasitic on Coccidæ. By W. M. Maskell 228–230
XVIII. New Zealand Crustacea, with Descriptions of new Species. By George M. Thomson 230–248
XIX. Description of new Crustacean from the Auckland Islands. By George M. Thomson 249–250
XX. Description of a new Species of Isopodous Crustacean. By George M. Thomson 250–251
XXI. On the New Zealand Entomostraca. By George M. Thomson 251–263
XXII. On Desis robsoni, a Marine Spider from Cape Campbell. By Llewellyn Powell, M.D., F.L.S. 263–268
XXIII. Notes on the Anatomy of Regalecus pacificus, von Haast. By Llewellyn Powell 269–270
XXIV. On the Brown Trout introduced into Otago. By W. Arthur, C.E. 271–290
XXV. On some new Fishes. By F. E. Clarke 291–295
XXVI. On a new Fish found at Hokitika. By F. E. Clarke 295–297
XXVII. On a new Fish. By W. D. Campbell, C.E., F.G.S. 297–298
XXVIII. Notes on the Genus Callorhynchus, with a Description of an undescribed New Zealand Species. By W. Colenso, F.L.S. 298–300
XXIX. Notes on the Metamorphosis of one of our largest Moths, Dasypodia selenophora. By W. Colenso 300–304
XXX. Further Notes on Danais berenice, in a letter from Mr. F. W. C. Sturm to the Honorary Secretary, Hawke Bay Philosophical Institute 305
XXXI. Notes on some New Zealand Echinodermata, with Descriptions of new Species. By Professor F. W. Hutton 305–308
XXXII. The Sea Anemones of New Zealand. By Professor Hutton 308–314
XXXIII. Catalogue of the hitherto-described Worms of New Zealand. By Professor Hutton 314–327
XXXIV. List of the New Zealand Cirripedia in the Otago Museum. By Professor Hutton 328–330
XXXV. On a new Infusorian parasitic on Patella argentea. By Professor Hutton 330
XXXVI. Description of some new Slugs. By Professor Hutton 331–332
XXXVII. On Phalacrocorax carunculatus, Gmelin. By Professor Hutton 332–337
XXXVIII. Notes on a Collection from the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island. By Professor Hutton 337–343
XXXIX. Note accompanying Specimens of the Black Rat (Mus rattus, L.). By Taylor White. Communicated by Professor Hutton 343–344
XL. On a new Species of Millepora. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.L.S., F.G.S., etc. Communicated by Prof. Hutton 345–347
XLI. Notes on the Life History of Charagia virescens. By the Rev. C. H. Gosset. Communicated by Prof. Hutton 347–348
XLII. Further Notes on the Habits of the Tuatara Lizard. By Walter L. Buller, C.M.G., Sc.D., F.L.S. 349–351
XLIII. On the specific Value of Prion banksii. By Walter L. Buller 351–352
XLIV. Remarks on the Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamis taitensis). By Walter L. Buller 353–355
XLV. Remarks on a species of Lestris inhabiting our Seas. By Walter L. Buller 355–359
XLVI. Note on Mr. Howard Saunders' Review of the Larinæ, or Gulls. By Walter L. Buller 359–360
XLVII. On a further Occurrence of the Australian Tree Swallow (Hylochelidon nigricans) in New Zealand. By Walter L. Buller 360
XLVIII. Additions to List of Species, and Notices of Rare Occurrences, since the publication of 'The Birds of New Zealand.' By Walter L. Buller 361–366
XLIX. Further Contributions to the Ornithology of New Zealand. By Walter L. Buller 366–376
L. Memorandum of the Keá. By the Hon. Dr. Menzies, M.L.C. 376–377
LI. Descriptions of three new Species of Opisthobranchiate Mollusca. By T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S. 378–380
LII. Our Fish Supply. By P. Thomson 380–386
LIII. The District of Okarita, Westland. By A. Hamilton 386–391
LIV. Notes on the Breeding Habits of the Katipo (Latrodectus katipo). By C. H. Robson 391–392
LV. On Additions to the Carcinological Fauna of New Zealand. By T. W. Kirk, Assistant in the Colonial Museum 392–397
LVI. On some New Zealand Aphroditæ, with Descriptions of supposed new Species. By T. W. Kirk 397–400
LVII. Notes on some New Zealand Crustaceans. By T. W. Kirk 401–402
III.—Botany.
LVIII. Further Observations upon certain Grasses and Fodder Plants. By S. M. Curl, M.D. 403–411
LIX. On Pituri, a new Vegetable Product that deserves further Investigation. By S. M. Curl, M.D. 411–415
LX. Notes on Cleistogamic Flowers of the Genus Viola. By George M. Thomson 415–417
LXI. On the Means of Fertilization among some New Zealand Orchids. By G. M. Thomson 418–426
LXII. Description of a new Species of Coprosma. By D. Petrie, M.A. 426–427
LXIII. Description of a new Species of Celmisia. By J. Buchanan 427–428
LXIV. Notice of a new Species of Pomaderris (P. tainui). By Dr. Hector 428–429
LXV. A Description of two New Zealand Ferns, believed to be new to Science. By W. Colenso 429–431
LXVI. On the Occurrence of the Australian Genus Poranthera in New Zealand. By T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S. 432–433
LXVII. Notice of the Occurrence of Juncus tenuis, Willd., in New Zealand. By T. F. Cheeseman 433–434
LXVIII. Notice of the Occurrence of the Genus Kyllinga in New Zealand. By T. F. Cheeseman 434–435
LXIX. List of Plants collected in the District of Okarita, Westland. By A. Hamilton 435–438
LXX. Notes on Mr. Hamilton's Collection of Okarita Plants. By T. Kirk, F.L.S. 439–444
LXXI. Notes on the Botany of Waiheke, Rangitoto, and other Islands in the Hauraki Gulf. By T. Kirk 444–454
LXXII. On the Export of Fungus from New Zealand. By T. Kirk 454–456
LXXIII. Description of a new Species of Lycopodium. By T. Kirk 456–457
LXXIV. Description of a new Species of Hymenophyllum. By T. Kirk 457–458
LXXV. Notes and Suggestions on the Utilization of certain neglected New Zealand Timbers. By T. Kirk 453–463
LXXVI. Descriptions of New Plants. By T. Kirk 463–466
LXXVII. Notice of the Discovery of Calceolaria repens, Hook. f., and other Plants in the Wellington District. By Harry Borrer Kirk. Communicated by Mr. T. Kirk, F.L.S. 466–467
IV.—Chemistry.
LXXVIII. Preliminary Note on the Presence of one or more Hydrocarbons of the Benzol Series in the American Petroleum, also in our Petroleums. By William Skey, Analyst to the Geological Survey Department 469–470
LXXIX. On a Property possessed by Essential Oils of whitening the Precipitate produced by mixing a Solution of Mercuro-iodide with one of Mercuric-chloride. By William Skey 470–471
LXXX. Preliminary Note on the Production of one or more Alkaloids from Fixed Oils by the Aniline Process. By William Skey 471–473
LXXXI. On the Cause of the Movements of Camphor when placed upon the Surface of Water. By William Skey 473–485
LXXXII. On Osomose, as the Cause of the persistent Suspension of Clay in Water. By William Skey 485–490
LXXXIII. On the Nature and Cause of Tomlinson's Cohesion Figures. By William Skey 490–493
V.—Geology.
LXXXIV. On the Geological Structure of Banks Peninsula, being an Address by Prof. Julius von Haast, Ph.D., F.R.S., President of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury 495–512
LXXXV. Notes on a Salt Spring near Hokianga. By J. A. Pond 512–514
LXXXVI. Notes of a Traditional Change in the Coast-line at Manukau Heads. By S. Percy Smith 514–516

PROCEEDINGS.
WELLINGTON PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
Remarks by the President, T. Kirk, F.L.S. 520
On the Production of Platino-iodides of the Alkaloids. By W. Skey 523
On some of the Causes which operate in Shingle-bearing Rivers in the Determination of their Courses and in the Formation of Plains. By J. P. Maxwell, A.I.C.E. (abstract) 524–525
Some Notes on the D'Urville Island Copper Mine. By S. H. Cox, F.C.S., F.G.S., Assistant Geologist (abstract) 525–527
On the Existence of Hydro-carbons in Fats and Oils. By W. Skey 527
Some Remarks on Dr. Curl's "Notes on Grasses and Fodder Plants, suitable for Introduction to New Zealand." By Henry Blundell (abstract) 528–529
An Account of Improvements on Miramar Peninsula. By J. C. Crawford, F.G.S. (abstract) 530
On a Gas-lamp for equalising Temperature. By J. Kebbell 532
Note on a curious Duplication of Tusks in the common Wild Pig (Sus scrofa). By A. Hamilton 535
On the Fossil Flora of New Zealand. By Dr. Hector, Director of the Geological Survey (abstract) 536–537
On the Fossil Brachiopoda of New Zealand. By Dr. Hector (abstract) 537–539
Abstract Report of Council 539
Election of Officers for 1879 539
Anniversary Address of the President, T. Kirk, F.L.S., being on the Relationship between the Floras of New Zealand and Australia 539–546
AUCKLAND INSTITUTE.
On the Histeridæ of New Zealand. By Captain T. Broun 547
The New Zealand Anthribidæ. By Captain T. Broun 547
The British Arctic Expedition of 1875–76. By F. G. Ewington 547
Education as a Science: Part I. By C. A. Robertson 547
The Cossonidæ of New Zealand. By Captain T. Broun 547
Education as a Science: Part II. By C. A. Robertson 547
Æolus Vinctus. By J. Adams, B.A. 547–548
The New Zealand Anobiidæ. By Captain T. Broun 548
The Establishment of a School of Design 549
The Dascillidæ of New Zealand. By Captain T. Broun 549
High Schools for Girls. By J. Adams, B.A. 549
On the Telephoridæ of New Zealand. By Captain T. Broun 549
Notes on the Rising Generation. By D. C. Wilson (abstract) 549–550
Annual Report 550–552
Election of Officers for 1879 552
PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE OF CANTERBURY.
Remarks on Mr. Mackenzie Cameron's Theory respecting the Kahui Tipua. By J. W. Stack 553
Election of Officers for 1879 554
Abstract of Annual Report 554–555
OTAGO INSTITUTE.
The Science of the Weather. By D. Petrie, M.A. 556
The Fauna of New Zealand. By Prof. Hutton 556
A Plea for the Study of Politics. By the Hon. R. Stout, M.H.R. 557
Description of two new Crabs. By Prof. Hutton 557
Notes on the New Zealand Shells in the "Voyage au Pôle Sud." By Prof. Hutton 557
Domestic Æsthetics, and the Higher Education of Women. By the Rev. A. R. Fitchett 558
On Magnetic Dip. By A. H. Ross (abstract) 558–559
The Mechanism of Voice and Speech. By Prof. Scott 560
On the Scientific Form of Harbours. By W. G. Jenkins 560
Annual Report of the Council 560
Election of Officers for 1879 561
Address by the President, W. N. Blair, C.E. 561–566
HAWKE BAY PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE.
A Memorandum of my First Journey to the Ruahine Mountain Range, and of the Flora of that Region: Part I. By W. Colenso, F.L.S. 567
Election of Officers for 1878–9 567
Abstract of Annual Report 567
On the Moa (Dinornis, sp.) By W. Colenso, F.L.S. 568
On the beneficial Raising of Trees suited for Timber and Firewood. By F. W. C. Sturm 568–570
Memoranda of a Journey in which he succeeded in crossing the Ruahine Mountain Range, with Notes on the local Botany and Topography of that District: Part II. By W. Colenso, F.L.S. 570
On certain New Zealand and Australian Barks useful for Tanning Purposes. By J. A. Smith 570–571
New Specimens in Natural History, described. By W. Colenso 572
WESTLAND INSTITUTE.
Notice of a Tadpole found in a drain in Hokitika. By F. E. Clarke 573
On the Discovery of Moa Bones near Marsden. By W. D. Campbell 574
Election of Officers for 1879 574
Abstract of Annual Report 574
NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE.
Tenth Annual Report of the Board of Governors 577–578
Museum 578–581
Meteorology 582
Time-ball Observatory 582
Laboratory 582
Accounts of the New Zealand Institute, 1877–8 582

APPENDIX.
Meteorological Statistics of New Zealand for 1878 xxi–xxiii
Earthquakes reported in New Zealand during 1878 xxiii
Comparative Abstract for 1878, and previous years xxiv
Notes on the Weather during 1878 xxv–xxvi
Record of Papers on New Zealand Natural History, 1878–9 xxvii
Honorary Members of the New Zealand Institute xxviii
Ordinary Members xxviii–xxxix
List of Public Institutions and Individuals to whom this Volume is presented xl–xlii
Addenda et Corrigenda iii
Contents v–x
List of Plates x
Board of Governors of the New Zealand Institute xi
Abstracts of Rules and Statutes of the New Zealand Institute xi–xiii
List of Incorporated Societies xiv
Officers of Incorporated Societies, and extracts from the rules xiv–xvii




LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE TO FACE
PAGE.
I. Pope.—Apparatus for measuring Position of Double Stars 142
II. Macklin.—River Protective Works 144
III. Campbell.—A Method of Beach Protection 148
IV. J. T. Thomson.—Map showing Distribution of Languages used in India 160
V. Maskell.—Coccidæ 196
VI. {{{1}}}{{{1}}} 204
VII. {{{1}}}{{{1}}} 216
VIII. {{{1}}}{{{1}}} 224
IX. {{{1}}}Hymenopterous Parasite on Coccidæ 228
X. G. M. Thomson.—Crustacea 248
XI. {{{1}}}Entomostraca 262
XII. Powell.Desis robsoni 268
XIII. Arthur.Salmo fario, S. trutta 280
XIV. Clarke.Lepidopus elongatus, Argentina decagon 296
XV. {{{1}}}Trypterigium robustum, T. dorsalis, T. decemdigitatus, Acanthoclinus taumaka 292
XVI. Cheeseman.—Opisthobranchiate Mollusca 380
XVII. Colenso.Callorhynchus dasycaudatus 300
XVIII. Buchanan.Celmisia cordatifolia 428
XIX. T. Kirk.Hymenophyllum rufescens, Lycopodium ramulosum 456