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Trump on China: Putting America First/Remarks Delivered by National Security Advisor Robert C. O'Brien

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3393670Trump on China: Putting America First — Remarks Delivered by National Security Advisor Robert C. O'BrienRobert C. O'Brien

​

REMARKS DELIVERED BY
NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR
ROBERT C. O’BRIEN

The Arizona Commerce Authority
in Phoenix, Arizona
JUNE 24, 2020

National Security Advisor O’Brien delivering remarks at the Arizona Commerce Authority in Phoenix, Arizona.

The Chinese Communist Party’s Ideology and Global Ambitions

Thank you Governor Ducey. That was an extraordinarily kind introduction. I appreciate you mentioning Kayla Mueller and her parents. We had Carl and Marsha at the State of the Union. That was a very special occasion for the President and for all of us as Americans. What happened to Kayla should never happen to anyone, especially an ​American. Thank you for remembering her today and for the support you have given her family.

It is great to be here in Phoenix. Congratulations on the TSMC factory that is coming to Arizona.[1] I can tell you there are 49 other governors that wished they had been Governor Ducey on this one. What a tremendous accomplishment for your administration, Governor. Our national security depends on bringing our supply chain home. This is especially true when we are dealing with critical technology, computer chips, that are not only important to our civilian world—the phones we use, the computers we use, the dishwashers, the refrigerators we use—but also to our military.[2] You have some great aerospace companies who are doing work in Arizona that will benefit from having their suppliers closer to home.[3] Congratulations to the people of Arizona.

It is wonderful to be here at the Arizona Commerce Authority. Congratulations to you as well for the excellent support you gave the governor and his administration in not only bringing the Taiwanese here but also many other manufacturing companies returning to America, many of which are coming to Arizona, with its great weather and sunshine.[4] As manufacturing returns to this country, Arizona will be at the top of many companies’ list.

I bring you greetings from the 45th President of the United States, Donald J. Trump. I know he was here yesterday. It is privilege to follow in his wake. I think there is some other good news; the Vice President of ​the United States Mike Pence, my close friend, whose office is down the hall in the West Wing, will be here next week.

I appreciate the kind invitation to come discuss an issue of great importance to American national security with you, Governor and your colleagues here in Arizona: the challenge the Chinese Communist Party poses to the United States and our allies is of critical importance to us right now. My remarks are the first of several speeches senior Administration officials will give on this matter over the next few weeks. You will soon hear from Secretary of State Pompeo, Attorney General Barr, and FBI Director Chris Wray on the subject.

America, under President Trump’s leadership, has finally awoken to the threat the Chinese Communist Party’s actions pose to our very way of life.[5] For decades, conventional wisdom in both U.S. political parties, the business community, academia, and media, has held that it was only a matter of time before China would become more liberal, first economically and, then, politically.[6] The more we opened our markets to China, the thinking went, the more we invested capital in China, the more we trained PRC bureaucrats, scientists, engineers, and even military officers, the more China would become like us.[7]

Prior to President Donald J. Trump taking office, it was under this premise that we welcomed China into the World Trade Organization in 2001 with vast concessions and trade privileges.[8] We overlooked China’s gross human rights abuses, including Tiananmen Square.[9] We ​turned a blind eye to China’s widespread technology theft that eviscerated entire sectors of the American economy.[10]

As China grew richer and stronger, we believed, the Chinese Communist Party would liberalize to meet the rising democratic aspirations of its people.[11] This was a bold, quintessentially American idea, born of our innate optimism and by the experience of our triumph over Soviet Communism. Unfortunately, it turned out to be very naïve.

We could not have been more wrong—and this miscalculation is the greatest failure of American foreign policy since the 1930s. How did we make such a mistake? How did we fail to understand the nature of the Chinese Communist Party?

The answer is simple: because we did not pay heed to the Chinese Communist Party’s ideology. Instead of listening to what Chinese Communist Party leaders were saying, and reading what they wrote in their key documents, we closed our ears and our eyes. We believed what we wanted to believe—that the Party members were communist in name only.[12]

Let us be clear, the Chinese Communist Party is a Marxist-Leninist organization.[13] The Party General Secretary Xi Jinping sees himself as Josef ​Stalin’s successor.[14] In fact, as the journalist and former Australian government official John Garnaut has noted, the Chinese Communist Party is the last “ruling communist party that never split with Stalin, with the partial exception of North Korea.”[15] Yes, Stalin­—the man whose brutal dictatorship and disastrous policies killed roughly 20 million Russians and others through famine, forced collectivization, executions, and labor camps.[16] As interpreted and practiced by Lenin, Stalin, and Mao, communism is a totalitarian ideology.[17]

Under communism, individuals are merely a means to be used toward the achievement of the ends of the collective nation state. Thus, individuals can be easily sacrificed for the nation state’s goals.[18] Individuals do not have inherent value under Marxism-Leninism. They exist to serve the state; the state does not exist to serve them.

These ideas sound remote and outdated to us. They are, after all, old ideas—they were born a century and a half ago in Europe. They were implemented a century ago by Russia, and then discarded 30 years ago as the most costly failed political experiment in history. But in China, these ideas remain as fundamental to the Chinese Communist Party as the Constitution and the Bill of Rights are to us as Americans.[19]

​The Chinese Communist Party seeks total control over the Chinese people’s lives. This means economic control, it means political control, it means physical control, and, perhaps most importantly, it means thought control.[20]

“In Classical Chinese statecraft,” Garnaut has noted, “there are two tools for gaining and maintaining control over ‘the mountains and the rivers’: the first is wu (武), weapons and violence, and the second is wen (文), language and culture. Chinese leaders have always believed that power derives from controlling both the physical battlefield and the cultural domain.” “For Lenin, Stalin, Mao and Xi,” Garnaut writes, “words are not vehicles of reason and persuasion. They are bullets. Words are for defining, isolating, and destroying opponents.”[21]

Propaganda plays a central political role for the Chinese Communist Party.[22] Beijing’s efforts to dominate political thought are stated openly and pursued aggressively.[23] In 1989, the party began organizing itself around ‘ideological security,’ a term repeated frequently since then by Chinese Communist Party leaders.[24] More recently, in April 2013, the Party issued a policy on what they call the “current state of ideology.” It held that there should be “absolutely no opportunity or outlets for incorrect thinking or viewpoints to spread.”[25]

​Within China, this policy means mandatory study sessions on Communist ideology and the required download and use of smartphone apps that teach so-called “Xi Jinping Thought.” It also means complete Party control of all state media.[26] Outside sources of information are banned—from foreign newspapers to Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp. All content generated within China is censored. It means jailing everyone from citizen bloggers, reporters, and lawyers to activists and religious believers for expressing any views contrary to the Party line.[27]

And indeed, just recently, between January 1 and April 4 of this year, nearly 500 individuals were charged with crimes just for speaking out about the Wuhan coronavirus, its effects upon the Party, and the Party’s cover-up of the disease.[28]

The Chinese Communist Party reinterprets religious texts, including the Bible, to support communist party ideology.[29] It locks up millions of Muslim Uyghurs and other minorities in reeducation camps where they are subjected to political indoctrination and forced labor, while their children are raised in Party-run orphanages.[30] For those caught up in ​camps, this process annihilates family, religion, culture, language, and heritage.[31] Under the Chinese Communist Party, information istightly controlled and expression is constantly surveilled, so that it can be quashed or shaped by the state.[32]

Americans should be concerned. We should not be concerned only for the Chinese people but also for ourselves. Xi Jinping’s ambitions for ideological control are not limited to his own people. The Chinese Communist Party’s stated goal is to create a “Community of Common Destiny for Mankind,” and remake the world in its image. The effort to control thought beyond the borders of China is well under way.[33]

Over the past decade, the Party has invested billions of dollars into overseas propaganda operations to great effect. The Chinese Communist Party has moved to eliminate ‘unfriendly’ Chinese language media outlets worldwide, and is close to succeeding.[34] Nearly every Chinese ​language news outlet in the U.S. is either owned by, or works closely with the Party—and the Chinese Communist Party is making inroads into English language media as well. Americans hear subtle pro-Beijing propaganda on more than a dozen FM radio stations in cities across the country.[35]

President Trump and National Security Advisor O’Brien arrive at Air Force One

Recently, Chinese propaganda persuaded so many Americans that a U.S. solider had brought the coronavirus to Wuhan—as opposed to Wuhan sending the virus to the rest of the world (a complete fabrication by the Chinese Communist Party) that this soldier and her family needed a personal security detail to protect them from death threats. This situation occurred in Maryland.[36]

​On TikTok, a Chinese-owned social media platform with over 40 million American users—probably a lot of your kids and younger colleagues—accounts criticizing Chinese Communist Party policies are routinely removed or deleted.[37]

Last week, Twitter announced the suspension of more than 23,000 Chinese Communist Party linked accounts for spreading propaganda on Hong Kong and COVID-19.[38] This latest suspension was in addition to last August’s removal of more than 150,000 Chinese Communist Party linked accounts that were used to spread anti-American disinformation and generate the illusion of popular support for Beijing’s policies in the United States.[39] These are just the accounts Twitter caught. How many are still out there undetected?

In March, the Chinese Communist Party expelled American journalists working for the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post,[40] almost fully eliminating independent reporting from within China on the Wuhan virus.

In addition to influencing what information American citizens receive regarding China, the Chinese Communist Party is increasingly using its leverage to police American speech.[41] When the University of California ​at San Diego hosted the Dalai Lama as a commencement speaker in 2017, Beijing banned Chinese students from visiting UCSD on government funds.[42]

When the general manager of the Houston Rockets tweeted his support for the peaceful Hong Kong protesters, the Chinese Communist Party announced its team’s games would not be shown on Chinese TV. The Party used its economic power to pressure others in basketball, including star players, to criticize the tweet on behalf of Beijing.[43]

Under pressure from the Chinese Communist Party, American, Delta, and United Airlines all removed references to Taiwan from their corporate websites.[44] Mercedes Benz even apologized for posting an inspirational quote from the Dalai Lama on social media.[45]

Beijing has also used its financial might and market access to pressure Hollywood into self-censorship, incentivizing directors and producers to avoid topics that might not make it past the country’s censors in China. For example, the Japanese and Taiwanese flags were dropped from Tom Cruise’s flight jacket in the upcoming Top Gun sequel “Maverick.”[46] MGM digitally changed the identities, post-production, of the invading military from China to North Korea in the “Red Dawn” remake.[47]

​The Chinese Communist Party is seeking leverage over individual Americans as well. The Party is collecting your most intimate data—your words, your actions, your purchases, your whereabouts, your health records, your social media posts, your texts, and mapping your network of friends, family, and acquaintances.[48]

The Chinese Communist Party accomplishes this goal, in part, by subsidizing hardware, software, telecommunications, and even genetics companies.[49] As a result, corporations such as Huawei and ZTE undercut competitors on price and install their equipment around the globe at a loss.[50] This has the side effect of putting out of business American manufacturers of telecom hardware and has made it very difficult for Nokia and Ericsson.[51] Why do they do it? Because it is not telecom hardware or software profits the Chinese Communist Party are after, it is your data. They use “backdoors” built into the products to obtain that data.

When the Chinese Communist Party cannot buy your data, it steals it. In 2014, the Chinese hacked Anthem insurance, collecting ​sensitive information on 80 million Americans.[52] In 2015, China hacked the Office of Personnel Management, which holds security clearance information, acquiring sensitive data on 20 million Americans who work for the federal government.[53] In 2017, the Chinese government hacked Equifax, obtaining the names, birthdates, social security numbers, and credit scores of 145 million Americans.[54]

In 2019, Chinese hackers attacked Marriott, gathering information on 383 million guests, including their passport numbers.[55] And, in 2016, a Chinese company even bought the dating app Grindr to harvest its data, including the HIV status of users, before the U.S. government forced a divestiture on national security grounds.[56] These are just a few of the instances we know about.

How will the Chinese Communist Party use this data? In the same way it uses data within China’s borders: to target, to flatter, to cajole, to influence, to coerce, and to even blackmail individuals to say and do things that serve the Party’s interests. This is ‘micro targeting’ beyond an advertiser’s wildest dreams. China, unlike advertisers, will not be stopped by government regulations. The Chinese Communist Party simply wants to know everything about you—just as it likes to know almost everything about every individual living in China.

​In addition to propaganda and influence operations, the Chinese Communist Party uses trade to coerce compliance with its dictates. When Australia called for an independent investigation of the coronavirus’ origins and spread, the Chinese Communist Party threatened to stop buying Australian agricultural products and to prevent Chinese students and tourists from traveling to Australia.[57] When Australia refused to relent, Beijing put these threats into force, imposing an 80% tariff on Australian barley exports.[58]

International organizations are also part of China’s plan. China has sought leadership positions within many global bodies.[59] China now heads four out of fifteen UN specialized agencies, more than the U.S., UK, France, and Russia, the other members of the permanent members of the U.N. Security Council, combined.[60] The PRC uses these positions to force the international bodies to parrot Beijing’s talking points and to install Chinese telecommunications equipment in their facilities.

For example, since Houlin Zhao took his post at the International Telecommunications Union, he has aggressively promoted Huawei sales.[61] Secretary-General Fang Liu of the International Civil Aviation Organization has blocked Taiwan’s participation in General Assembly meetings and covered up a Chinese hack of the organization.[62] The ​Party has also used China’s membership on the UN Human Rights Council to prevent criticism of its abuses in Xinjiang and Hong Kong.[63]

The Chinese Communist Party’s reach extends to heads of international organizations who are not themselves Chinese officials. Under Beijing’s thumb, and at an unacceptable cost to human life, Director-General Tedros of the World Health Organization dutifully used Chinese talking points on the Wuhan virus.[64] As late as mid-January, he claimed there was no human-to-human transmission of the disease. He opposed international travel restrictions.[65] At the same time, Tedros praised China’s own domestic travel restrictions on Wuhan residents. In other words, they could travel overseas, but they could not travel and potentially take the virus to Beijing or Shanghai.[66] These Chinese Communist Party tactics in international organizations, as we have seen with the coronavirus, are a major cause of concern not just for the United States, but to the world.

The good news is that under President Trump’s leadership, we know what the Chinese Communist Party is doing, we are calling it out, and we are taking decisive action to counter it across the board.[67]

First, President Trump prevented certain companies that answer to the Chinese Communist Party’s intelligence and security apparatus—such as Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei—from accessing your ​personal and private data.[68] The Administration also imposed restrictions on U.S. semiconductor technology from going to Huawei.[69]

Second, the State Department designated the U.S. operations of 9 Chinese state-controlled propaganda outlets as foreign missions.[70] These organizations are the mouthpieces of the Chinese Communist Party. This designation places reporting requirements and visa restrictions on these so-called media outlets.[71]

Third, President Trump imposed export restrictions on 21 Chinese government entities and 16 Chinese companies complicit in China’s campaign of repression, mass arbitrary detention, forced labor and high-technology surveillance against Uyghurs and other minorities, and we have blocked officials complicit in these abuses from travelling to the United States.[72] The Administration has also stopped the illegal ​import of goods produced by Chinese companies known to use Uyghur forced labor.[73]

Fourth, President Trump left the United Nations Human Rights Council to protest its cooptation by China.[74] He has terminated the U.S. relationship with the World Health Organization, because its response to the pandemic showed that it is entirely beholden to China.[75] Instead of funding the corrupt WHO in Geneva with over $400 million per year, the United States and its generous taxpayers will now send that money directly to where it is needed most—frontline healthcare workers serving in developing countries around the world.[76]

Fifth, President Trump limited the People’s Liberation Army’s ability to use student visa programs to place its officers and employees in our colleges and universities to steal U.S. technology, intellectual property, and information.[77]

Sixth, the President moved to halt the investment of U.S. federal employee retirement funds into PRC companies, including Chinese military contractors and manufacturers of surveillance equipment used to ​oppress religious minorities.[78] He is also examining the opaque accounting practices of Chinese companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges.[79]

Finally, this week, the Defense Department is submitting to Congress a list of People’s Liberation Army-linked companies with operations in the United States so that the American people are fully informed about exactly with whom they are doing business.[80]

Now, these steps are just the start as America corrects 40 years of a one-sided, unfair relationship with China that has severely affected our nation’s economic and, recently, political well-being. Just like the tariffs that were imposed by the President on unfair trade practices early in his Administration, there is more to come.

President Trump understands that lasting peace comes through strength. We are the strongest nation on earth, and we will not bend to the Chinese Communist Party. As the foregoing actions demonstrate, the Trump Administration is countering Chinese Communist Party’s malign activity. The Trump Administration will speak out and reveal what the Chinese Communist Party believes, and what it is planning—not just for China and Hong Kong and Taiwan, but for the world.

Together with our allies and partners, we will resist the Chinese Communist Party’s efforts to manipulate our people and our governments, damage our economies, and undermine our sovereignty. The days of American passivity and naivety regarding the People’s Republic of China and its communist rulers are over.

​We will stay true to our principles—especially freedom of speech—which stand in stark contrast to the Marxist-Leninist ideology embraced by the Chinese Communist Party. Under President Trump’s leadership, we will encourage diversity of thought, resist efforts to police speech or encourage self-censorship, protect Americans’ personal data, and above all, continue to proclaim that all women and men are entitled by God to liberty, life, and the pursuit of happiness.

As I close, let me be clear—we have deep respect and admiration for the Chinese people. The United States has a long history of friendship with the Chinese nation. But the Chinese Communist Party does not equal China or her people.

To the Chinese Communist Party, I say, as the recent Phase One trade deal has shown, it is possible for our governments to have a productive relationship. We want a good relationship with China, but we do not want relations on the terms currently on offer from Beijing.

As Americans, I am certain that we will rise to successfully meet the challenge presented by the Chinese Communist Party, just as we have responded to all the great crises in our history. President Trump is leading the way. And like President Trump, I firmly believe that our best days as a country remain ahead of us.

Again, thank you for joining me here today. It is a privilege to be here in Phoenix, Arizona. May God bless you and may God bless the United States of America.

  1. ↑ Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, “TSMC Announces Intention to Build and Operate an Advanced Semiconductor Fab in the United States,” May 15, 2020, https://www.tsmc.com/tsmcdotcom/PRListingNewsAction.do?action=detail&newsid=THGOANPGTH
  2. ↑ Don Clark, “Pentagon, With an Eye on China, Pushes for Help From American Tech,” New York Times, October 25, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/25/technology/pentagon-taiwan-tsmc-chipmaker.html
  3. ↑ Arizona Commerce Authority, “Aerospace & Defense,” https://www.azcommerce.com/industries/aerospace-defense
  4. ↑ Evan Cohen, “Manufacturers Bringing the Most Jobs Back to America,” USA Today, June 28, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2018/06/28/manufacturers-bringing-most-jobs-back-to-america/36438051/
  5. ↑ White House, “United States Strategic Approach to the People’s Republic of China,” May 20, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/U.S.-Strategic-Approach-to-The-Peoples-Republic-of-China-Report-5.20.20.pdf
  6. ↑ American Enterprise Institute, “The Paradox of Chinese Liberalism,” November 13, 2019, https://www.aei.org/society-and-culture/the-paradox-of-chinese-liberalism/
  7. ↑ Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, “Full Text of Clinton’s Speech on China Trade Bill,” March 9, 2000, https://www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/Full_Text_of_Clintons_Speech_on_China_Trade_Bi.htm
  8. ↑ United States Trade Representative, “2018 Report to Congress on China’s WTO Compliance,” February 2019, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2018-USTR-Report-to-Congress-on-China%27s-WTO-Compliance.pdf
  9. ↑ History, “Tiananmen Square Protests,” June 4, 1989, https://www.history.com/topics/china/tiananmen-square
  10. ↑ The Guardian, “China Theft of Technology is Biggest Law Enforcement Threat to US, FBI Says,” February 6, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/06/china-technology-theft-fbi-biggest-threat
  11. ↑ See, for example, Samuel Berger, “Building a New Consensus on China,” June 6, 1997, https://astro.temple.edu/~rimmerma/building_a_new_consensus_on_chin.htm. Also see New York Times, “In Bush’s Words: ‘Join Together in Making China a Normal Trading Partner,’” May 18, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/18/world/in-bush-s-words-join-together-in-making-china-a-normal-trading-partner.html?referringSource=articleShare. Also see Robert Zoellick, “Whither China? From Membership to Responsibility,” September 21, 2005, https://www.ncuscr.org/sites/default/files/migration/Zoellick_remarks_notes06_winter_spring.pdf. Also see “Bush Lauds Taiwan’s Democracy Ahead of China Visit,” November 16, 2005, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5015189.
  12. ↑ Richard McGregor, “Five Myths About the Chinese Communist Party,” Foreign Policy, January 3, 2011, https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/03/5-myths-about-the-chinese-communist-party/
  13. ↑ See, for example, Tanner Greer, “Xi Jinping in Translation: China’s Guiding Ideology,” May 31, 2019, https://palladiummag.com/2019/05/31/xi-jinping-in-translation-chinas-guiding-ideology/, and “Full text of Xi Jinping’s report at the 19th CPC National Congress,” November 4, 2017, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/19thcpcnationalcongress/2017-11/04/content_34115212.htm
  14. ↑ John Pomfret, “Xi Jinping’s quest to revive Stalin’s communist Ideology,” The Washington Post, October 16, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/10/16/xi-jinpings-quest-to-revive-stalins-communist-ideology/
  15. ↑ John Garnaut, “Engineers of the Soul: Ideology in Xi Jinping’s China,” January 16, 2019, https://sinocism.com/p/engineers-of-the-soul-ideology-in
  16. ↑ Bill Keller, “Major Soviet Paper Says 20 Million Died As Victims of Stalin,” The New York Times, Feb. 4, 1989, https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/04/world/major-soviet-paper-says-20-million-died-as-victims-of-stalin.html
  17. ↑ John Garnaut, “Engineers of the Soul: Ideology in Xi Jinping’s China,” January 16, 2019, https://sinocism.com/p/engineers-of-the-soul-ideology-in
  18. ↑ Center for European Studies at UNC, “Communism: Karl Marx to Joseph Stalin,” https://europe.unc.edu/iron-curtain/history/communism-karl-marx-to-joseph-stalin/
  19. ↑ Eleanor Albert, Beina Xu, and Lindsay Maizland, “The Chinese Communist Party,” Council on Foreign Relations,” June 9, 2020, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinese-communist-party
  20. ↑ Amy Qin, Javier Hernandez, “How China’s Rulers Control Society: Opportunity, Nationalism, Fear,” New York Times, November 25, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/25/world/asia/china-freedoms-control.html
  21. ↑ John Garnaut, “Engineers of the Soul: Ideology in Xi Jinping’s China,” January 16, 2019, https://sinocism.com/p/engineers-of-the-soul-ideology-in
  22. ↑ David Shambaugh, “China’s Propaganda System: Institutions, Processes and Efficacy,” The China Journal, no. 57 (2007): 25-58. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20066240?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
  23. ↑ Stephen McDonell, “China Congress: How Authorities Censor Your Thoughts,” BBC, October 16, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41523073
  24. ↑ Qiushi Theory, “Closely Watch Out for Ideology Security on the Internet,” June 15, 2014, http://chinascope.org/archives/3283?doing_wp_cron=1593280261.9284429550170898437500 . Also see Jack Hu and Oiwan Lam, “In quest for ‘ideological security,’ China Pushes to Extend Communist Party Influence Inside Tech Firms,” September 10, 2017, https://hongkongfp.com/2017/09/10/quest-ideological-security-china-pushes-extend-communist-party-influence-inside-tech-firms/
  25. ↑ Chris Buckley, “China Takes Aim at Western Ideas,” New York Times, August 20, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/20/world/asia/chinas-new-leadership-takes-hard-line-in-secret-memo.html. See also “Document 9: A ChinaFile Translation,” November 8, 2013, https://www.chinafile.com/document-9-chinafile-translation
  26. ↑ The Guardian, “Xi Jinping Asks for ‘Absolute Loyalty’ from Chinese State Media,” February 19, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/19/xi-jinping-tours-chinas-top-state-media-outlets-to-boost-loyalty
  27. ↑ Alexandra Ma, “Barging Into Your Home, Threatening Your Family, or Making You Disappear: Here’s What China Does to People Who Speak Out Against Them,” Business Insider, August 19, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/how-china-deals-with-dissent-threats-family-arrests-2018-8
  28. ↑ Bradford Betz, “China Has Arrested Hundreds for Speaking Out About Coronavirus, Reports Show,” May 13, 2020, https://www.foxnews.com/world/china-arrested-hundreds-speaking-out-coronavirus
  29. ↑ Nectar Gan, “China’s Religion Chiefs to Double Down on Bringing Doctrine in Line with Socialist Dogma,” Novebmer 27, 2019, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3039636/chinas-religion-chiefs-double-down-bringing-doctrine-line
  30. ↑ Sigal Samuel, “China’s Jaw-Dropping Family Separation Policy,” The Atlantic, September 4, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/09/china-internment-camps-uighur-muslim-children/569062/
  31. ↑ Congressional-Executive Commission on China, “Forced Labor, Mass Internment, and Social Control in Xinjiang,” October 17, 2019, https://www.cecc.gov/events/hearings/forced-labor-mass-internment-and-social-control-in-xinjiang. See also International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, “China Cables,” November 2019, https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw3Nv3BRC8ARIsAPh8hgLXPhPHJydiGsyuMpKTlK1JE-CDJc2bIkMz9ef6VCiHpiD7EunoE8IaAj-CEALw_wcB. Also see “Assistant Secretary of Defense for Indo-Pacific Security Affairs Shriver Press Briefing on the 2019 Report on Military and Security Developments in China,” May 3, 2019, https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/1837011/assistant-secretary-of-defense-for-indo-pacific-security-affairs-schriver-press/
  32. ↑ Freedom House, “Chinese Communist Party’s Media Influence Expands Worldwide,” January 14, 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/article/chinese-communist-partys-media-influence-expands-worldwide
  33. ↑ See, for example, Samantha Hoffman, “China’s Tech-Enhanced Authoritarianism,” May 16, 2019, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IG/IG00/20190516/109462/HHRG-116-IG00-Wstate-HoffmanS-20190516.pdf and “Engineering global consent,” October 14, 2019, https://www.aspi.org.au/report/engineering-global-consent-chinese-communist-partys-data-driven-power-expansion. Also see Sarah Cook, “Beijing’s Global Megaphone,” 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/beijings-global-megaphone. Also see Hal Brands, “What Does China Really Want? To Dominate the World,” May 20, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-05-20/xi-jinping-makes-clear-that-china-s-goal-is-to-dominate-the-world.
  34. ↑ Louisa Lim, Julia Bergin, “Inside China’s Audacious Global Propaganda Campaign,” The Guardian, December 7, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/dec/07/china-plan-for-global-media-dominance-propaganda-xi-jinping
  35. ↑ Hoover Institution, 2018, “Chinese Influence & American Interests: Promoting Constructive Vigilance,” https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/chineseinfluence_americaninterests_fullreport_web.pdf. Also see Sarah Cook, “Beijing’s Global Megaphone,” 2020, https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/beijings-global-megaphone
  36. ↑ Steven Meyers, “China Spins Tale That the U.S. Army Started the Coronavirus Epidemic,” New York Times, March 13, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/world/asia/coronavirus-china-conspiracy-theory.html
  37. ↑ See, for example, Sara Morrison, “TikTok is Accused of Censoring Anti-Chinese Government Content, Again,” November 27, 2019, https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/11/27/20985795/tiktok-censorship-china-uighur-bytedance, and Drew Harwell and Tony Romm, “TikTok’s Beijing roots fuel censorship suspicion as it builds a huge U.S. audience,” https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/15/tiktoks-beijing-roots-fuel-censorship-suspicion-it-builds-huge-us-audience/
  38. ↑ Twitter Safety, “Disclosing Networks of State-linked Information Operations We’ve Removed,” June 12, 2020, https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2020/information-operations-june-2020.html
  39. ↑ Twitter Safety, “Information Operations Directed at Hong Kong,” August 19, 2019, https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2019/information_operations_directed_at_Hong_Kong.html
  40. ↑ Wall Street Journal, “China Banishes U.S. Journalists from Wall Street Journal, New York Times and Washington Post,” March 18, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-bans-all-u-s-nationals-working-for-the-wall-street-journal-new-york-times-washington-post-whose-press-credentials-end-in-2020-11584464690
  41. ↑ Michael Pompeo, “On the Chinese Communist Party’s Obscene Propaganda,” U.S. Department of State, June 6, 2020, https://www.state.gov/on-the-chinese-communist-partys-obscene-propaganda/
  42. ↑ Stephanie Saul, “On Campuses Far From China, Still Under Beijing’s Watchful Eye,” New York Times, May 4, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/us/chinese-students-western-campuses-china-influence.html
  43. ↑ Sopan Deb, “N.B.A. Commissioner: China Asked Us to Fire Daryl Morey,” New York Times, October 17, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/17/sports/basketball/nba-china-adam-silver.html
  44. ↑ Daniel Shane, “US airlines give in to China’s demands over Taiwan,” CNN, July 25, 2018, https://money.cnn.com/2018/07/25/news/companies/taiwan-china-airlines/index.html
  45. ↑ Peil Li and Adam Jourdan, “Mercedes-Benz Apologizes to Chinese for Quoting Dalai Lama,” Reuters, February 6, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mercedes-benz-china-gaffe/mercedes-benz-apologizes-to-chinese-for-quoting-dalai-lama-idUSKBN1FQ1FJ .
  46. ↑ Adam Kredo, “Cruz: ‘Top Gun’ Censorship for China Proves ‘Hollywood is Afraid to Stand Up for Free Speech,’” July 26, 2019, https://freebeacon.com/national-security/cruz-top-gun-censorship-for-china-proves-hollywood-is-afraid-to-stand-up-for-free-speech/
  47. ↑ Ben Fritz, John Horn, “Reel China: Hollywood Tries to Stay on China’s Good Side,” Los Angeles Times, March 16, 2011, https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-china-red-dawn-20110316-story.html
  48. ↑ Samantha Hoffman, “Why You Should Worry if You Have a Chinese Smartphone,” October 26, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/oct/26/china-technology-social-management-internet-social-credit-system. Also see Emile Dirks and James Leibold, “Genomic surveillance,” June 17, 2020, https://www.aspi.org.au/report/genomic-surveillance. Also see Danielle Cave, Samantha Hoffman, Alex Joske, Fergus Ryan and Elise Thomas, “Mapping China’s Tech Giants, April 18, 2019, https://www.aspi.org.au/report/mapping-chinas-tech-giants
  49. ↑ On Chinese tech firms’ links to the Chinese Communist Party and government, see, for example, Dr. Christopher Ashley Ford, September 11, 2019, “Huawei and Its Siblings, the Chinese Tech Giants: National Security and Foreign Policy Implications,” https://www.state.gov/huawei-and-its-siblings-the-chinese-tech-giants-national-security-and-foreign-policy-implications/. Also see Chuin-Wei Yap, “State Support Helped Fuel Huawei’s Global Rise,” December 25, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/state-support-helped-fuel-huaweis-global-rise-11577280736.
  50. ↑ Brian Fung, “How China’s Huawei Took the Lead Over U.S. Companies in 5G Technology,” The Washington Post, April 10, 2019, https://search.proquest.com/docview/2206871501/citation/2D74B574CE9949D0PQ/1?accountid=45205
  51. ↑ Tarmo Virki, Angela Moon, “In Push to Replace Huawei, Rural U.S. Carriers Are Talking with Nokia and Ericsson,” Reuters, June 25, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-tech-usa-nokia-ericsson-exclus/exclusive-in-push-to-replace-huawei-rural-us-carriers-are-talking-with-nokia-and-ericsson-idUSKCN1TQ1VV
  52. ↑ Erik Larson, “Chinese Citizen Indicted in Anthem Hack of 80 Million People,” Bloomberg, May 9, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-09/chinese-national-indicted-by-u-s-grand-jury-over-anthem-hack
  53. ↑ Ellen Nakashima, “Hacks of OPM Databases Compromised 22.1 Million People, Federal Authorities Say,” The Washington Post, July 9, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2015/07/09/hack-of-security-clearance-system-affected-21-5-million-people-federal-authorities-say/
  54. ↑ Katie Benner, “U.S. Charges Chinese Military Officers in 2017 Equifax Hacking,” New York Times, February 10, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/10/us/politics/equifax-hack-china.html
  55. ↑ David Sanger, “Marriott Data Breach Is Traced to Chinese Hackers as U.S. Readies Crackdown on Beijing,” New York Times, December 11, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/11/us/politics/trump-china-trade.html
  56. ↑ David Sanger, “Grindr Is Owned by a Chinese Firm, and the U.S. Is Trying to Force It to Sell,” New York Times, March 28, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/28/us/politics/grindr-china-national-security.html
  57. ↑ Daniel Hurst, “Australia-China Trade Tensions Raise Fears Over Future of Agricultural Exports,” The Guardian, May 12, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/13/australia-china-trade-tensions-raise-fears-over-future-of-agricultural-exports
  58. ↑ VOA News, “China Imposes Massive Tariffs on Australia Barley Imports, Sparking Fears of Trade War,” May 19, 2020, https://www.voanews.com/economy-business/china-imposes-massive-tariffs-australia-barley-imports-sparking-fears-trade-war
  59. ↑ Tung Cheng-Chia and Alan H. Yang, “How China Is Remaking the UN In Its Own Image,” April 9, 2020, https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/how-china-is-remaking-the-un-in-its-own-image/
  60. ↑ Courtney Fung, ShingHon Lam, “China Already Leads 4 of the 15 U.N. Specialized Agencies—and is Aiming for a 5th,” The Washington Post, March 3, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/03/china-already-leads-4-15-un-specialized-agencies-is-aiming-5th/
  61. ↑ Tom Miles, “Huawei Allegations Driven by Politics Not Evidence, U.N. Telecoms Chief,” Reuters, April 5, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-huawei-tech-un/huawei-allegations-driven-by-politics-not-evidence-u-n-telecoms-chief-idUSKCN1RH1KN
  62. ↑ Gerrit van der Wees, “China Continues to Block Taiwan in the International Arena,” The Diplomat, May 18, 2017, https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/china-continues-to-block-taiwan-in-the-international-arena/
  63. ↑ Lindsay Maizland, “Is China Undermining Human Rights at the United Nations?” Council on Foreign Relations, July 9, 2019, https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/china-undermining-human-rights-united-nations
  64. ↑ Michael Collins, “The WHO and China: Dereliction of Duty,” Council on Foreign Relations, February 27, 2020, https://www.cfr.org/blog/who-and-china-dereliction-duty
  65. ↑ Stephanie Nebehay, “WHO Chief Says Widespread Travel Bans Not Needed to Beat China Virus,” Reuters, February 3, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-who/who-chief-says-widespread-travel-bans-not-needed-to-beat-china-virus-idUSKBN1ZX1H3
  66. ↑ Stephanie Yang, “Travel Barriers Rise as WHO Chief Praises Beijing’s Coronavirus Response,” Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-chief-praises-beijings-coronavirus-response-as-travel-barriers-rise-11580227640
  67. ↑ White House, “United States Strategic Approach to the People’s Republic of China,” May 20, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/U.S.-Strategic-Approach-to-The-Peoples-Republic-of-China-Report-5.20.20.pdf
  68. ↑ White House, “Executive Order on Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain,” May 15, 2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-securing-information-communications-technology-services-supply-chain/ and White House, “Executive Order on Establishing the Committee for the Assessment of Foreign Participation in the United States Telecommunications Services Sector,” April 4, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-establishing-committee-assessment-foreign-participation-united-states-telecommunications-services-sector/
  69. ↑ Department of Commerce, “Commerce Addresses Huawei’s Efforts to Undermine Entity List, Restricts Products Designed and Produced with U.S. Technologies,” May 15, 2020, https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2020/05/commerce-addresses-huaweis-efforts-undermine-entity-list-restricts
  70. ↑ Department of State, “Designation of Additional Chinese Media Entities as Foreign Missions,” June 22, 2020, https://www.state.gov/designation-of-additional-chinese-media-entities-as-foreign-missions/
  71. ↑ Kate O’Keeffe, Jonathan Cheng, “State Department Names Five Chinese Media Outlets as Foreign Missions in U.S.,” Wall Street Journal, February 18, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/state-department-names-five-chinese-media-outlets-as-foreign-diplomatic-missions-in-u-s-11582062002
  72. ↑ White House, “United States Strategic Approach to the People’s Republic of China,” May 20, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/U.S.-Strategic-Approach-to-The-Peoples-Republic-of-China-Report-5.20.20.pdf; also see Department of Commerce, “Commerce Department to Add Nine Chinese Entities Related to Human Rights Abuses in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region to the Entity List,” May 22, 2020, https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2020/05/commerce-department-add-nine-chinese-entities-related-human-rights
  73. ↑ U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, “CBP Issues Detention Order on Hair Products Manufactured with Force Labor in China,” May 1, 2020, https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-issues-detention-order-hair-products-manufactured-forced-labor; also see June 17, 2020, https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-issues-detention-order-hair-products-manufactured-forced-labor-0 and October 1, 2019
  74. ↑ White House, “President Donald J. Trump is Standing Up for Human Rights at the U.N.,” June 21, 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-standing-human-rights-u-n/
  75. ↑ White House, “Remarks by President Trump on Actions Against China,” May 30, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-actions-china/
  76. ↑ Alice Ollstein, “Trump Halts Funding to World Health Organization,” Politico, April 14, 2020, https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786
  77. ↑ White House, “Proclamation on the Suspension of Entry as Nonimmigrants of Certain Students and Researchers from the People’s Republic of China,” May 29, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-suspension-entry-nonimmigrants-certain-students-researchers-peoples-republic-china/
  78. ↑ Blake Burman, “Trump Orders Federal Retirement Money Invested in Chinese Equities to Be Pulled,” Fox Business, May 11, 2020, https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/trump-orders-federal-retirement-money-invested-in-chinese-equities-to-be-pulled
  79. ↑ White House, “Remarks by President Trump on Actions Against China,” May 30, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-actions-china/
  80. ↑ Department of Defense, Letter to Tom Cotton from Deputy Secretary of Defense, June 24, 2020, https://www.cotton.senate.gov/files/documents/Sen%20Cotton%20NDAA%20FY%201999%20Sec%201237%20Response%2006242020.pdf
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