1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Agriculture/Agricultural Population and Wages

Agricultural Population and Wages.

The last half of the 19th century witnessed a remarkable diminution of the British rural population. The decrease has assumed serious proportions since 1871, as before that date the supply of rural labour exceeded the demand. A large number of agricultural labourers were thus only in partial employment, and their withdrawal from the land was of minor importance as compared with the shrinkage in the number of those permanently employed. The following tables indicate the extent of rural depopulation:—

Number of “Persons engaged in Agriculture” in the United
Kingdom, 1851–1901.

1851.	1861.	1871.	1881.	1891.	1901.
3,453,500	3,080,500	2,744,000	2,573,900	2,394,500	2,262,600

The number of “agricultural labourers and shepherds,” which affords a more precise index, declined in a still more marked degree.

1851.	1861.	1871.	1881.	1891.	1901.
1,110,311	1,098,261	923,332	830,452	756,557	609,105

The decrease in the demand for labour is attributable chiefly to the reduction of the cultivated area and the laying down to pasture of land once under the plough, and to the increasing use of agricultural machinery. It may, however, be noticed that the period 1850–1903 was marked by a steady increase of the cash wages of the farm labourer, as indicated in the following table from the Report on the Earnings of Agricultural Labourers issued by the Board of Trade in 1905.

Average Weekly Cash Wages of ordinary Agricultural Labourers
employed on certain Farms in England and Wales.

Year.	England and Wales,  69 farms.		Eastern counties,  12 farms.
	s.	d.	s.	d.
1850	9	31/2	8	8
1855	10	111/2	11	5
1860	10	11	10	8
1865	11	3	10	5
1870	11	101/2	11	11/2
1875	13	7	12	111/2
1880	13	21/2	12	1
1885	13	1	11	5
1890	13	01/2	11	01/2
1895	13	21/2	11	0
1900	14	51/2	13	11/2
1903	14	7	13	21/2

(See also Allotments and Small Holdings.)