Mongolian
(Classical Mongolian in Vertical Script)
| Initial | Medial | Final | Romanization | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ᠠ | ᠠ | (see Note 1) | ᠠ᠋ᠠ | (see Note 1) | a |
| ᠡ | ᠡ | (see Note 1) | ᠡ᠋ᠡ | (see Note 1) | e |
| ᠢ | ᠢ | ᠢ | i | ||
| ᠣ | ᠣ | (see Note 1) | ᠣ | (see Note 1) | o or u |
| ᠥ | ᠥᠥ᠋ | (see Note 1) | ᠥ | (see Note 1) | ȯ or u̇ |
| ᠨ | ᠨ᠋ᠨ | ᠨ | n | ||
| ᠩ | ᠩ | ng | |||
| ᠬ | ᠬ | ᠬ | q | ||
| ᠭ | ᠭ᠋ᠭ | ᠭ᠍ᠭ | ġ | ||
| ᠪ | ᠪ | ᠪ | b | ||
| ᠫ | ᠫ | ᠫ | p | ||
| ᠹ | ᠹ | ᠹ | f | ||
| ᠰ | ᠰ | ᠰᠰ᠋ | s | ||
| ᠱ | ᠱ | ś | |||
| ᠳ (see Note 2) | ᠳ᠋ᠳ | (see Note 2) | ᠳ | (see Note 2) | t or d |
| ᠯ | ᠯ | ᠯ | l | ||
| ᠮ | ᠮ | ᠮ | m | ||
| ᠴ | ᠴ | c | |||
| ᠵ | ᠵ | j | |||
| ᠶ | ᠶ | ᠶ | y | ||
| ᠻ (see Note 2) | ᠻ | (see Note 2) | ᠻ | (see Note 2) | k or g |
| ᠺ | ᠺ | k | |||
| ᠷ | ᠷ | ᠷ | r | ||
| ᠸ | ᠸ | v | |||
| ᠾ | ᠾ | ᠾ | h | ||
Notes
- Romanize medial and final vowels according to the rules of vocalic harmony.
- Romanize the dental and velar stops according to the pronunciation given in standard dictionaries.
TRANSCRIPTION OF GALIG LETTERS
Vowels and Diphthongs
- ᠠ᠋ a
- ᠠ᠋ᠠ ā
- ᠢ i
- ᠢᠢ ī
- ᠦ u
- ᠤᠦ ū
- ᠷᠢ r̥
- ᠷᠢᠢ r̥̄
- ᠯᠢ l̥
- ᠯᠢᠢ l̥̄
- ᠧ e
- ᠧᠧ ai
- ᠣᠸᠠ o
- ᠣᠸᠸᠠ au
Consonants
|
Gutturals
Labials
|
Palatals
Semivowels
|
Cerebrals
Sibilants
|
Dentals
Aspirate
|
Anusvara
- ᢀ᠋ ṃ
Visarga
- ᢁ ḥ
CHARACTER MODIFIERS IN ROMANIZATION
| Character modifiers | Name | USMARC hexadecimal code |
| ◌́ | acute | E2 |
| ◌̃ | tilde | E4 |
| ◌̄ | macron | E5 |
| ◌̇ | dot above | E7 |
| ◌̣ | dot below | F2 |
| ◌̥ | circle below | F4 |