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92 A HISTORY OF CHILE To prevent these incursions as far as possible, the governor erected two forts, one at Puren and the other on the borders of the marshes of Lumaco, which he strongly garrisoned. Not long after he sent a com- pany to found a young city, San Luis de Loyola, in the province of Cujo. Pailiamachu, having at length in the year 1597 raised a formidable army, descended with fury upon the new fortresses at Puren and Lumaco. The latter place was razed, the former reduced to extremit)', when a reinforcement opportunel)' arriving under Pedro Cortez, the Araucanians withdrew. The governor, however, deeming the forts of little worth ordered their demolition and transferred the garrisons to An- gol. Imperial being threatened, he withdrew his forces to that city, repaired the fortifications of the place, as well as those of Villarica and Valdivia, after which he starte.d with an escort to the river Biobio. While encamping in the valley of Caralava, the Arau- canian general fell upon him with a small party of two hundred warriors and killed him with all his com- panions. Governor Loyola had been killed on the night of November 22, 1598; forty-eight hours after, all the Araucanian provinces, including the tribes of the Cunchese and Huilliches, were in arms. It is said that every Spaniard found outside of the fortifications was put to death. Sieges were at once begun against Osorno, Valdivia, Villarica, Imperial, Canete, Angol, Coya and Arauco. At the same time, Pailiamachu burned Concepcion and Chilian, then recrossed the Biobio in safetj' with immense booty. These reverses so discouraged the Spaniards that many were in favor of abandoning the country entirely, but better counsels prevailed and Pedro de Viscarra