370 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [ N . s., I, 1899
prefixes is the use of pairs of prepositional verbal and locative nominal prefixes ; for instance, ludhat gishga zumtemplega, " he was in the tem- ple " (/«-, in ; dha, to be ; -/, he ; gishga, preposition ; zum-, interior of ; temple, temple ; -ga, absence). Here lu- and zum- form a pair of pre- fixes. Another pair are le- (verbal prefix), on ; lak- (nominal prefix)* surface, top of. A number of very special ideas are expressed by means of prefixes ; such as, stopping a motion, in darkness, actions done while in motion. Prepositional prefixes which merge into local adverbial prefixes are highly developed : on, in, towards, around, up, down, towards sea, inland, up river, down river, against. Some of these show nice differentiation of meaning : upward and downward along the ground, upward and downward in the air, into and out of from the side, into and out of from the top. Most of these shades of meaning have not been recognized by the author. The following translations of prefixes require corrections: p. 56, klthna-, prone; p. 57, klthum-, around an obstacle ; p. 57, bak-, upward along ground ; man-, upward through the air ; p. 58, tiki-, down through the air ; p. 59, Ithim-, stop- ping a motion ; p. 60, ta- (only in plural), extreme ; p. 67, gul-; the examples given here mean partly gul-, empty (gulwalp, house without inhabitants), partly tkul-, against ; p. 68, gwan-, near ; p. 70, ksh-, ex- treme ; p. 72, oksh-, out of from top. Here belong also the prefixes enumerated on p. 7, and many of those on pp. 84 ff., such as gup-, really ; shin-, about ; lugwil-, for good ; shim-, much, very, real ; wt- 9 great ; p. 87, zilum-, into from the side ; logum-, into from top ; yaga-, down along ground (see above, tiki-); p. 88, haldum-; agwi-, outside ; zinsh-, deserted ; p. 91, altha-, in the dark ; hashba-, already ; p. 92, lugwil-, for good (see p. 85); p. 94, #////-, right there; shidi-, often; P- 95> 0^-» publicly ; p. 97, naga-, each other ; p. 98, zum-, in ; lak-, on.
A number of so-called "formatives " which the author enumerates in this chapter are actually substantives ; e. g., zagash, along, which evidently means, edge of ; hazaklthk, in front of ; lakau, top of ; hagau, place behind ; tkulan, place behind ; awa, proximity ; adup, place opposite ; miyan (p. 104), foot of tree. In short, in the chapter on formatives the most heterogeneous subjects are thrown together ; and prefixes which belong together have been separated, so that the func- tion of the prefix in the structure of the language is greatly obscured. Nor do we find any mention of the tendency of the language to form compound words embracing a whole group of prefixes : shimaltha- lutikidoulth, really to go down inside in the dark.
The function of reduplication is not set forth in full, except insofar as it relates to the formation of plurals. From an examination of the
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