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1 1 8 Rcviczos of Books In this second part the author has conscientiously given the argu- ments for as well as against all the conclusions adopted by him in his " narrative." He does this for his own satisfaction, for that of scholars, and of the " few general readers who are not contented with mere re- sults, but want to know the evidence on which they are based." He has here attempted "to collect, co-ordinate, and estimate the results of the innumerable researches which have aimed at throwing light upon the problems of Gallic History." He is not a mere chronicler of opposing views and theories. He pronounces judgment, and with the air of au- thority which his long and thorough researches give him the right to as- sume. " Von Kampen is quite right, and the author of the article has thought himself into a muddle " (p. 784), is only one of many clear and positive decisions which greet the often muddled reader of controversial views. Possibly too many and too inferior views are given the dignity of a discussion. One could wish that Mr. Holmes had here applied the scorn which he so well expresses towards limitless conjectural emenda- tions of Caesar's text (p. xviii.). But this failing shall not detract from the gratitude due for a helpful thesaurus of discussion on Caesar's BcIIkih Gallicum. Tii'cnty Famous Naval Battles. Salainis to Santiago. By Edward Kirk Rawson, Professor United States Navy, Superintendent Naval War Records. (New York and Boston : Thomas Y. Crowell and Co. [1900]. Two vols., pp. xxx, 344, 730.) One would expect to find a great sameness in twenty naval battles, but the reader of these volumes goes on from chapter to chapter with eager and increasing interest. This is partly due to the fact that, in spite of certain eccentricities of style, the author has the power of dra- matic narrative, and partly to the fact that the book improves both in matter and manner as it approaches the more modern periods. But even after the higher level of excellence is reached the interest does not flag and there is no feeling that one sea-fight is after all but a repetition of another. A further reason for the sustained interest lies in the constantly changing conditions of naval warfare. The book takes us through all stages of its evolution. Salamis, Actium and Lepanto illustrate the first era, that of oars. The Armada marks the transition to the second era, the era of warfare under sail. We see the Spaniards with characteristic indecision compromising between the old and the new and perhaps, too, hampered by their traditions as a power partly Mediterranean, partly oceanic, hesitating in this as in all things to leave the Middle Ages be- hind them. While they put galleys and the famous Neapolitan galleasses amongst the more modern galleons, the English, having thoroughly broken with the past, sent out a homogeneous sailing fleet, relegating their only galleys to humiliating river service. After the signal and fateful victory of the northern and Teutonic navy over the school of Spain comes the fierce struggle between two Teu