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LEWIS 701 LIEBERMANN poor health and was known always as a faith- ful and sincere Christian. In 1890 advancing age began to tell on him and it was also known he had a lesion of the aortic valve. On November 8, after a slight heart attack, he was able to enjoy his books again, but on the fifteenth congestion of the lungs increased and he died, aged seventy- seven years. He held a fellowship of the College of Phy- sicians, Philadelphia, and was president in 1884; he was also a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1839, and of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh, 1840. Univ. Med. Mag., Phila., 1890, vol. iii. Trans. Coll. Phys., S. W. Mitchell, et al., Phila., . 1890, 3 s., vol. xii. Lewis, Winslow (1799-1875) Winslow Lewis, Boston surgeon, was born in Boston July 8, 1799, and died at Granville, Massachusetts, August 3, 187S. His biographer, John H. Sheppard, traces the genealogy of the Lewis family from George Lewis who came out to Plymouth, from Kent, England, in 1633 to Captain Winslow Lewis of Wellfleet, Mass., a sea captain and a builder of lighthouses for the government and inventor of the binnacle illuminator. Captain Lewis married Elizabeth Greenough, daughter of a mathematical in- strument maker. Their son, Winslow, was born in the same house in which his mother was born ; he fitted for college with Dr. Dan- iel Staniford, who kept a private school, and he graduated from Harvard College in 1819. After studying with Dr. John C. Warren he graduated at the Harvard Medical School in 1822 and went abroad to, perfect his medical training under Dupuytren in Paris and Aber- nethy in London. Beginning practice in his native town, he married Emeline Richards, daughter of Capt. Benjamin Richards of New London, Conn., and received an appointment as physician to the municipal institutions and to the house of correction ; after the death of Dr. Warren he became consulting surgeon to the Massachusetts General Hospital. He translated "Gall on the Structure and Func- tions of the Brain," six volumes, and edited "Paxton's Anatomy." During his professional career his private pupils numbered four hun- dred, a no mean contribution to the cause of medical education in his time. Dr. Lewis was grand master of the Masons in Massachusetts in 1855, 1856 and 1860; a representative in the legislature in 1835, 1852 and 1853 ; a member of the school committee most of the time from 1839 to 1858; an over- seer of Harvard College, 1856-1862, and later for a second term of six years ; president of the New England Historic and Genealogical Society; city physician in 1861. Dr. Lewis was said to have "a peculiar tact for operating, as he had a firm nerve and quick, decisive judgment." He should have inherited mechanical ability through both par- ents. His portrait shows a genial, forceful face, smooth shaven except for a moustache and the popular "side whiskers" of the time, surmounting on open standing collar, white stock and ruffled shirt bosom. Brief Memoir of Dr. Winslow Lewis, John H ,.&af,:,^,&,.!f^iVir^" ^"- «■=•«-"'■• D.cmV of Amer. Biog., F. S. Drake, Boston, Liebermann, Charles H. (1813-1886) Charles H. Liebermann was born in Riga September IS, 1813, his father a military sur- geon who died while the boy was a child His mother belonged to the Radetzkys who furnished many famous personages in Ger- man and Polish history. The doctor's uncle became his guardian and gave the child a good education. He entered Dorpat University from which he graduated M. A. in 1836, then on to Wilna, where he studied medicine, but after some time returned to Dorpat, and so to Berlin University, where he took his M. D. and became a private pupil of Prof. Dieffen- bach, serving for some time as his assistant. Dr. Liebermann enjoyed the advantages of the lectures and clinics of the famous oph- thalmologist von Graefe in his treatment of affections of the eye and also studied physical deformities. He came to the United States early in 1840 and landed in Boston, but settled to practice in Washington shortly after his arrival, on the north side of Pennsylvania Avenue, be- tween Ninth and Tenth streets. Professor Dieffenbach, the originator of the operation for the cure of strabismus, said: "Dr. Liebermann, who has been one of my distinguished pupils and for some time after closing his academical course my associate in the practice of medicine and surgery, was, after myself, the third physician in Europe and the first one in the United States who, as early as October last (1840), performed the operation for strabismus with complete success." The medical profession of the United States as well as the politicians saw with some re- gret the rapid immigration of foreigners and the prominent positions given them in the pro- fessions and public places requiring scientific acquirements. Dr. Liebermann had to con- tend with a natural objection to foreigners