SECTION VI : REDUPLICATION OF THE
WORD-BASE.
174. There are, to begin with, two methods of doubling words. According to the first one the whole word is set down twice over. Thus in the Mak. children's song Daeng Camummuq there is the sentence: "Slowly, slowly swallow (the food) down your (=-nu) throat ! " = palemeq-lemeq namaqnauṅ ri kallon-nu. Here the whole word-base lemeq is reduplicated. The second case is: First the word is set down as far as the second vowel, inclusively, and then it is set down in its entirety. Thus the Day. dirge Augh Olo Balian Hapa Tiwah begins with the words: " Flee, soul of (the) dead ! " = Lila-lilaṅ liau matāy. Here lilaṅ is reduplicated according to the second method. The omission of the final consonant is not the result of any sandhi-laws of the several languages; that phenomenon is an ancient heritage. A third kind of reduplication merely repeats the first two sounds of the word-base, e.g. Bont. nonoaṅ, " toy buffalo ", beside noaṅ " real buffalo ."
The first two kinds of reduplication convey an intensification of the fundamental meaning, or, occasionally, the opposite, a weakening of it. The third kind indicates a thing, mostly a tool.
175. Reduplication to the second vowel. Philippines, Ibanag: sinnu-sinnun, " garments ", word-base sinnun, "garment" — Celebes, Tontb.: londe-londey, "all sorts of ships '— Borneo, Day.: humo-humoṅ, "somewhat stupid" — Java, Old Jav. : sulu-suluṅ, "to swarm pell-mell" — Madagascar, Hova: tiṅgi-tiṅgina, "to sit at the edge of" — Northern Border, Form.: darra-darrab, "to hue clothes thickly" —
South-Western Border, Mentaway: boli-bolit, "to twist one-self about".
