114. Illustrations of the tense-system in Madagascar, from the Old Malagasy Sermons:
I. Present: "Abu Bekr, who fears the Lord" = The A. B., f. t. L. = r' Abubakiri matahutru an Dzaṅahari.
II. Past: "My heart has stored it up" = Heart my h. + st. + up = fu ku nitarimi.
III. Future: "They will not see me" = N. w. s. m. = tsi hahita ahi.
115. Tenses of the Causative. These follow the active closely. Example from Hova :
| "to speak" | "to cause to speak" | |
| Present | miteni | mampiteni |
| Past | niteni | nampiteni |
| Future | hiteni | hampiteni |
Illustration from Bont., which, as we already know, uses pa- as the sign of the causative and in- as the sign of the past tense; from the Story of the Stars: "Mother has made our brother fly" = Has + caused + to + fly m. b. o. = in- patayaw ina kawwaan mi.
116. The tenses of the passive sometimes follow those of the active pretty closely, as in Hova; in other cases, as in Tag., they diverge further from them. Examples:
I. Hova —
| WB | ume, "to give" |
| Present | umena,"to be given" |
| Past | numena |
| Future | humena |
| Imperative | umeu |
II. Tagalog —
| WB | tawag, "to call" |
| Present | tinatawag, "to be called" |
| Past | tinawag |
| Future | tatawagin |
| Imperative | tawagin |
'117. A peculiar way of forming the past passive is found in Bug. and the closely related Mak. Bug. pura and Mak. leqbaq,
