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INDONESIAN LINGUISTICS
146. Just as vocatives and negatives may have a final q added to them, so in certain languages they may receive a final a. Toba has a vocative aṅgiá corresponding to aṅgi, "younger brother"; alongside of the Tagalog negative di there is a Dayak dia.
147. Hamzah proceeds from certain Original IN sounds in conformity with phonetic laws:
I. From Original IN k in several languages, thus in Talautese; Original IN aku, "I" > Tal. iaqu = article i + aqu.
II. From r2 in several languages, thus in Makelaqi; Original IN jar2um, "needle" > Make. raqum. From h (see § 116).
148. While some languages double the consonant that follows upon an accentuated pěpět (see § 86), others develop a hamzah between the pěpět and certain consonants that follow it. In Makassar the pěpět becomes a, but the hamzah persists; thus Original IN kěděm, "to close the eyes", becomes kaqdaṅ in Mak.
149. Hamzah arises in several languages from special laws of the interior sounds of words, when the interior is of the taptap type (see § 198), thus in Tontemboan; hence Original IN pukpuk, "to break in pieces" > Tontb. puqpuk.
150. Hamzah results in many languages from special laws of the final sounds:
I. In some languages Original IN final k > q, thus in Malay, hence Original IN anak ^ Mai. anaq.
II. In Minangkabau all Original IN final explosives result in q, hence Original IN atep, "roof" ^ Mkb. atoq.
III. In Bugis, q results from all final consonants save the nasals and h, hence Original IN nipis, "thin" > Bug. nipiq.
151. Many IN languages add to the Original IN final consonant a supporting vowel, thus Hova, hence Hova ánaka, "child" < Original IN anak; several languages employ
