brigadier-general, 30 June, 1846, and brevetted ma- jor-general for gallantry at Monterey and presented with a sword by congress. Being transferred to Gen. Winfield Scott's army, he commanded a brigade at Vera Cruz. During the operations against the city of Mexico he led the 2d division of regulars, and in 1848 he was military governor of Vera Cruz. He was in command of the Department of Texas in February, 1861, and surrendered his army and military stores to the Confederate Gen. Ben. McCulloch, for which he was dishonorably dismissed from the army. He was appointed a major-general in the Confederate army, 22 May, 1861, and assigned to the command of the district of Louisiana, but resigned toward the end of the year. — His brother, Levi, soldier, b. in Richmond county, Ga., 21 May, 1793; d. in Chapultepec, Mexico, 13 Sept., 1847, was educated at Franklin college in his native state, which he left to serve in the war of 1812, and in 1813 joined the marine corps as 2d lieutenant. He was in the frigate " President " under Com. Stephen Decatur on her last cruise, was promoted 1st lieutenant, and by his skill elicited the applause of his commander. On 2 June, 1847, he enlisted as a volunteer in the Mexican war, and was killed at Chapultepec.
TWING, Alvin Tabor, clergyman, b. in Top-
sham, Vt., 9 Feb., 1811 : d. in New York, 11 Nov.,
1882. He was educated at Kimball union acade-
my, Meriden, N. H., at the University of Vermont,
and studied theology under the direction of Bishop
John H. Hopkins, by whom he was ordained a
Eriest of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1837.
le was afterward rector of St. Paul's church, Ver-
gennes, Vt., and of Trinity church. West Troy,
N. Y., and in 1840 took charge of Trinity church,
Lansingburg, N. Y., where he continued twenty-
three years. In November, 1863, he was appointed
to present the claims of the domestic mission field
throughout the country, and in August, 1866, he
became secretary and general agent of the domes-
tic committee of the board of missions, continuing
as such till 1877, when the office of general agent
was discontinued, and he was elected secretary. He
organized a domestic missionary army in 1865,
which enrolled many thousands of children, in
1867 established " The Young Christian Soldier,"
in 1868 organized " The ladies' domestic mission-
ary relief association," and in 1870 he introduced
"mite-chests," which in a few years brought into
the treasury of the domestic committee $74,000.
He succeeded in infusing a spirit of enthusiasm
for missions into a large part of the church. In
1864 Hobart college gave him the degree of D. D.
TWINING, Alexander Catlin, engineer, b. in
New Haven, Conn., 5 July, 1801 ; d. there, 22 Nov.,
1884. He was graduated at Yale in 1820, was a
tutor there in 1824-*6, and professor of mathe-
matics, civil engineering, and astronomy at Middle-
bury college from 1839 till 1849. He was employed
as a civil engineer on various railways and canals,
and invented the first practical method of pro-
ducing ice in considerable quantities by artificial
means. He claimed to have first established the
theory of the cosmical origin of meteors, and was
devoted to abstruse problems in higher mathe-
matics. He was the author of papers on the doc-
trine of parallels and other points in mathematics.
For several years preceding his death he lectured
on constitutional law in the Yale law-school. — His
son, Kingsley, clergyman, b. in West Point, N. Y.,
18 July, 1832, was graduated at Yale in 1853, and
at Yale theological seminary in 1856, and was a
resident licentiate at Andover seminary in 1857.
He held pastorates in Congregational churches in
Hinsdale, Mich., San Francisco, Cal., Cambridge-
port, Mass., and Providence, R. I., in 1872-'6. He
spent 1876-'8 in Europe, and two years later he be-
came literary editor of the New York " Independ-
ent," a position which he still retains.
TYDINGS, Richard, clergyman, b. in Anne
Arundel county, Md., 16 June, 1783 ; d. in Bullitt
county, Ky., 3 Oct., 1865. His father, Keely Ty-
dings, was a soldier of the Revolution. The son
was licensed to preach in 1807, joined the Balti-
more conference of the Methodist Episcopal church,
south, in 1809, and the Kentucky conference in
1826. He labored in many fields, and was held in
high esteem for his talents and success as a preach-
er. He was a member of the Louisville conference
at the time of his death. He wrote a work on
" Apostolical Succession," which was favorably re-
ceived (Louisville, 1844).
TYLER, Bennet, clergyman, b. in Middlebury,
Conn., 10 July, 1783 ; d. in South Windsor, Conn., 14
May, 1858. He was the son of a farmer, was gradu-
ated at Yale in 1804, and, after studying theology,
was pastor of the Congregational church in South
Britain, Conn., from 1808 till 1822. From that
date until 1828 he was president of Dartmouth
college, and was pastor of the 2d Congregational
church in Portland, Me., from 1828 till 1833. The
controversy on the "new divinity" awakened by
the writings of Rev. Nathaniel W. Taylor, of
whom he was the principal opponent, resulted in
the formation of a pastoral union in September,
1833, by the Connecticut clergymen, who held to
Dr. Taylor's opinions and the resolution of the
other faction to found a theological seminary in
East Windsor, in which he was president and pro-
fessor of Christian theology from 1833 until his
death. Middlebury gave him the degree of D. D.
in 1823. His principal works are " History of the
New Haven I heology. in Letters to Clergymen "
(Hartford, 1837); "A Review of Day on the Will"
(1837) ; " Memoir of Rev. Asahel Nettleton. D. D."
(1844) ; " Nettleton's Remains " (1845) ; " A Trea-
tise on the Sufferings of Christ " (New York, 1845) ;
" A Treatise on New England Revivals " (1846) ;
and two series of " Letters to Dr. Horace Bush-
nell on Christian Nurture" (1847-'8). After his
death his " Lectures on Theology " were published
with a memoir by his son-in-law, the Rev. Nahum
Eale, D. D. (Boston, 1859).
TYLER, Charles Humphrey, soldier, b. in
Virginia in 1826 ; d. in West Point, Ga., 17 April,
1865. He was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1848, and became 2d lieutenant in the
2d dragoons, 25 April, 1849. He served in garrison
in the cavalry-school at Carlisle, Pa., on frontier
duty, and in the Utah expedition of 1857-9. On 28
June, 1861, he was promoted captain, but he was
dismissed from the army on 1 June, 1861, for de-
serting his post. He then entered the Confederate
service, became a brigadier-general, and was killed
in battle at West Point, Ga.
TYLER, Daniel, engineer, b. in Brooklyn, Windham co., Conn., 7 Jan., 1799 ; d. in New York city, 30 Nov., 1882. His father served in the
Revolutionary army, and his mother was a grand-daughter of Jonathan Edwards. After graduation at the U. S. military academy in 1819, as 2d lieutenant of light artillery, he served in garrison in New England in 1819-24, and on the reorganization of the army, 1 June, 1821, he was made 2d lieutenant in
the 5th infantry. In 1824-'6 he served in the Fort Monroe artillery-school for practice, of which he was for a time adjutant. He became 1st lieutenant
in the 1st artillery on 6 May, 1824, and in 1826 commanded the Pikesville arsenal, near Baltimore, Md. While there he translated from the French
