in 1845, and the latter was exiled. In 1851 he was proclaimed presidential candidate by a mili- tary rising in Arequipa, but his followers were soon defeated. In 1856 he returned secretly from exile, and the whole population of Arequipa rose under his banner against the dictator. Castillo marched against Arequipa, and, although Lizardo Montero, who had mutinied with the frigate "Apurimac" and declared for Vivanco. occupied Islay and in 1857 Arica, thus cutting off the dictator's com- munications, Vivanco was besieged, and in 1858 defeated at Arequipa and again sought exile. After Castillo's fall in 1862 Vivanco returned to his country, and was appointed by San Roman minister to Chili, whence he was recalled by Gen. Pezet to negotiate with Spain the treaty of 27 Jan., 1865. When the government of Pezet was overthrown in November, 1865, Prado exiled Vi- vanco again ; but he returned in 1868 and was elected senator for the department of Arequipa. The Spanish academy appointed him a correspond- ing member. In 1873 he went to Chili for the res- toration of his health, and died there. He was a brilliant and accomplished statesman, but his turbu- lent spirit kept him in continuous strife, and by his repeated revolutions he contributed to the de- moralization of his country.
VIVIER, Jacques du (veev-yay), French natu-
ralist, b. in Lorient, France, in 1720; d. there in
1793. He studied botany in Paris, held an office
in the laboratory of the Academy of sciences, and
sailed as secretary of a commission that was sent
to South America to measure an arc of the meridian
under Charles Marie de la Condamine. When the
authorities of Lima induced some of the mathe-
maticians to stay in South America, Vivier re-
mained with Jean Godin, was employed in opening
sulphur-mines at Cochabamba, and held for some
time the chair of botany and mathematics in the
College of Lima. In 1781 he obtained permission
to return, and he embarked at Cayenne in 1782.
On his arrival at Paris he vainly sought to recover
his former place in the laboratory of the Acade-
my of sciences, and for some time lived in pov-
erty, until he obtained a place in the library of the
Duke of Penthievre. His published works include
" Nova genera et species plantarum quas in Ameri-
ca, Jac. Vivierus eollegit" (3 vols., Paris, 1788-90)
and "Sertum Peruanum " (2 vols., 1792) ; and his
manuscripts contain a " Flora chilensis," which has
never been published.
VIZCAINO, Sebastian (veeth-cah-ee'-no), Span-
ish navigator, b. in Huelva about 1550 ; d. in Aca-
pulco in 1615. He followed the sea early in life,
and, acquiring a great reputation, was made chief
pilot of New Spain. Toward the close of the 16th
century the general impression in Spain was that
California contained great riches, especially in
pearls, and orders were given in 1595 to the viceroy
of Mexico to arm an expedition for the purpose of
exploring that country. Vizcaino was chosen
commander, and leaving Acapulco in 1596 with
three ships, accompanied by missionaries, he en-
tered the Gulf of California, establishing his head-
quarters in the port of La Paz, where he built bar-
racks and a church. He despatched expeditions
to the interior ; but the resistance of the natives,
lack of provisions, and the burning of the barracks
disheartened his men, and in October of that year
he returned to Acapulco. In 1602 he was appointed
captain-general of a new expedition that was de-
spatched by the Count de Monterey, by order of
Philip III., to explore the Pacific coast north of
Cape Mendocino, and to establish in the neighbor-
hood a suitable harbor of refuge for vessels from
Manila. He sailed from Acapulco, 5 May, 1602,
with three vessels, accompanied by the cosmog-
rapher Geronimo Martin, and in June discovered
in latitude 36° 40' N. a bay, which he named Mon-
terey, in honor of the viceroy. He began to sur-
vey the coast, taking observations of every notable
point and inlet with such care that Alexander
von Humboldt, in his " Essai sur le royaume de la
Nouvelle Espagne," said that " no pilot had ever
performed his duty with such zeal." After pass-
ing Cape Mendocino he arrived at Cape Blanco de
San Sebastian (now Cape Orford), and from that
Eoint despatched the frigate " Tres Reyes," under
deut. Martin Aguilar, to the north, who reported
on his return that he had reached 46° N., where he
discovered the mouth of a large river, probably
the Columbia, which foggy weather had prevented
him from entering for any distance. Having lost
many of his crew by sickness, Vizcaino resolved
to return, and entered Acapulco in March, 1603.
His report was forwarded to Madrid ; but, although
he urged upon the council of the Indies the advan-
tage of colonizing the countries that he had dis-
covered, as he had failed to find precious metals,
little attention was paid to hisadvice. In 1610 he
commanded an expedition to Manila, and, being
carried out of his course, discovered near Japan a
group of islands which he called Islas Ricas. At
last his representations about colonizing California
were heeded, and a new expedition under his com-
mand was preparing in Acapulco when he died.
From the observations that were taken by Viz-
caino and his staff, thirty-two charts were designed
in Mexico by the cosmographer Enrique Martinez,
which are preserved in the archives of the council
of Indies, and are remarkably exact for the time in
which they were made. Vizcaino's reports of his
two voyages to California were published by Tor-,
quemada in his " Monarquia Indiana " (Madrid,
1615), and that of the second voyage appeared as
an appendix to the French edition of Miguel Vene-
fas's " Histoire de la Californie " (Paris, 1767). Leon
inelo, in his " Biblioteca Oriental y Occidental "
(Madrid, 1629), gives extracts of a manuscript of
Vizcaino's report of his voyage to Manila, dated
1611, under the title of " Relation del viage y des-
cubrimiento de las Islas Ricas, que estan cerca del
Japon," which was discovered in the library of
Barcia, the author of " Historiadores primitivos de
las Indias." Hubert H. Bancroft often quotes
from him, in his historical works. The greater
Eart of Vizcaino's narratives has been published
y Martin Fernandez de Navarrete in his " Colec-
cion de Viajes y Descubrimientos, etc." (Madrid,
1625-'9), and by Capt. James Burney in his " Collec-
tion of Vovages to the South Sea " (London, 1811).
VOGDES, Israel, soldier, b. in Willistown, Chester co., Pa., 4 Aug., 1816. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy, and promoted 2d
lieutenant, 1st artillery, 1 July, 1837. For the next twelve years he was assistant professor and principal assistant professor of mathematics in the academy, being promoted 1st lieutenant in 1838, and captain in 1847. He was stationed in Florida from 1849 till 1856, and took part there in the hostilities against the Seminole Indians. After being in command at Fort Moultrie, S. C, and connected with the artillery-school for practice at Fortress Monroe, Va., in 1858-'61, he was ordered to re-enforce Fort Pickens, Fla., but he was virtually interdicted from carrying out his orders by instructions received from Washington subsequent to his arrival, and it was not until after the inauguration of President Lincoln that he was finally allowed to proceed with the work. He was promoted major, 14
