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ems.” — Her son, Robbins, lawyer, b. in Newport, R. I., 15 Feb., 1832, was graduated at Yale in 1851, and was subsequently tutor in Greek there. He afterward studied in Harvard law-school, where he received the degree of LL. B., and practised law in New York city in partnership with William Winthrop, afterward judge-advocate in the U. S. army. From 1865 till 1869 he was instructor in international law at the U. S. naval academy. In 1873 he became an examiner of claims in the war department at Washington, remaining in that office until 1878, when he was elected superintendent and later a trustee of the Astor library in New York city. During his administration the library has been greatly improved and enlarged, the endowment has been increased by John Jacob Astor, grandson of the founder, the hours of public admission have been lengthened, and the facilities for research much extended, especially by the publication of a new catalogue in four large volumes.

LITTLE CROW (To-wai-ah-tah-doo-tah), chief of the Sioux, b. in the Indian village of Kaposia, near St. Paul, Minn.; d. near Hutchinson, McLeod co., Minn., in 1863. He was the hereditary chief of the Kaposia band of the great Dakota or Sioux tribe. The name Little Crow descended from father to son through several generations. The father of the subject of this sketch was a firm friend of the Americans, and a highly intelligent and industrious man. He was accidentally wounded in withdrawing his gun from a wagon, and died on the following day. His parting injunctions to his son and successor, in the presence of the writer, were peculiarly impressive. Little Crow the younger paid but slight heed to the wise counsels of his father. He was essentially a bad man, an inveterate liar, and a drunkard, but possessed of cunning, energy, and determination. Subsequent to 1851, when the Sioux Indians ceded by treaty to the U. S. government their lands west of Mississippi river, the several bands, including the Kaposias, were removed to large reservations on the upper Minnesota, where they dwelt peacefully, professing warm friendship for the white settlers, by whom they were treated kindly and hospitably. Suddenly and unexpectedly the savages, with a few exceptions, rose in a body, on 18 Aug., 1862, murdered their traders and the other whites at the two U. S. agencies, and then spread themselves in small parties along a line of frontier more than two hundred miles in extent, butchering the unsuspecting men, women, and children without mercy. Nearly 1,000 settlers fell victims. Little Crow was the recognized head of the outbreak. . After the decisive defeat of the combined force of warriors by the troops under the command of Gen. Henry H. Sibley, at Wood Lake, 23 Sept., 1862, Little Crow, and two or three hundred of the most desperate of his followers, fled with their families to the protection of the powerful bands of their kindred on the distant prairies, leaving the main camp to be captured with more than 2,000 souls, with the release of female white prisoners to the number of 120. About 40 of the 303 warriors that were found guilty and condemned by a military commission, were hanged at Mankato in December following, the remainder being held in close confinement until they were reprieved, despite the universal protest, by President Lincoln, and removed by his order to a reservation on Missouri river. Little Crow met his richly merited death in 1863, having been discovered and shot by a Mr. Lamson and his son while he was engaged with a small party in a raid. His scalp was deposited in the collections of the Minnesota historical society.

LITTLEJOHN, Abram Newkirk, P. E. bishop, b. in Florida, N. Y., 13 Dec, 1824. He was graduated at Union college in 1845, and after preparation for the ministry was ordained deacon in St. Peter's church, Auburn, N. Y., 19 March, 1848, by Bishop De Lancey, and priest in Christ church. Hartford, Conn., 12 June, 1849, by Bishop Brownell. During his diaconate he was in charge for a brief period of St. Ann's church, Amsterdam, N. Y., and St. Anthony's church, Meriden, Conn. Early in 1850 he removed to Massachusetts, and became rector of Christ church, Springfield. In June, 1851, he accepted the rectorship of St. Paul's church. New Haven, Conn. He was elected president of Ilobart college in 1858, but declined. For

a period of seven years he was lecturer on pastoral theology in Berkeley divinity-school. Middletown, Conn. In 1860 he accepted

the rectorship of the Church of the Holy Trinity. Brooklyn, N. V., which post he occupied for eight years. He received the degree of D. I), from the University of Pennsylvania in 1855. He was elect- ed bishop of central New York in 1868, but de- clined, and in the same year was elected first bishop of Long Island, and consecrated in the Church of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn. 27 Jan.. 1869. In 1874, by appointment of the presiding bishop, he took charge of the American Episcopal churches on the continent of Europe. Bishop Littlejohn is a facile writer, and has contributed largely to church and general literature. Besides charges, criticisms, essays, and revising, he has published "Conciones ad Clerum " (1880); "Individualism, Discourses before the University of Cambridge, England " (1880) ; and "The Christian Mini-try at the Close of the Nineteenth Century.'* being lec- tures before the General theological seminary, New York (1884). In 1880 he received from the Univer- sity of Cambridge the degree of LL. D.

LITTLEPAGE, Lewis, diplomatist, b. in Hanover county, Va., 19 Dec, 1762; d. in Fredericksburg, Ya.. 19 July, 1802. He was graduated at William and Mary in 1778. and being a relative of John Jay. then minister to Madrid, he joined him abroad. He volunteered in the expedition of the Duc de Crillon against Minorca in 1782, and subsequently accompanied the Prince of Nassau-Siegen to the siege of Gibraltar, and thence to Constantinople and Warsaw, lb' was honored for many years with the esteem and confidence of Stanislas, king of Poland, under whom he held, among other offices, that of ambassador to Russia He was created a knight of the order of St. Stanislas, chamberlain and confidential secretary, and acted as a special envoy in several important negotiations. When Stanislas sided with the Torgovitza Confederate- in 1792. Littlepage returned to Yirginia.

LITTLE TURTLE (Me-che-cun-na-qua), a chief of the Miami Indians, d. in Fort Wayne, Ind., 14 July, 1812. It is supposed that he was partially educated at a Jesuit school in Canada. He was remarkable for his mental vigor and common sense,