museum at the Luxembourg ; " Arab Cavaliers carrying away their Dead"; "Susanna and the Elders " ; " Christ in the Garden of Olives " ; and " Mary Stuart defending Rizzio against his Assassins." He left fifteen etchings of subjects from Shakespeare's " Othello," and thirty from " Hamlet."
CHASTELLUX, Francois Jean, Chevalier de,
French author, b. in Paris in 1734; d. there, 28
Oct., 1788. He entered the army when fifteen
years of age, and distinguished himself in Germany
as colonel of a regiment in the seven years' war.
He afterward served in America as major-general
under Rochambeau, and gained the friendship of
Washington by his amiable character. He made a
literary reputation by publishing " De la felicite
publique " (1772), a work noted "for its bitterness
against Christianity, and now known only as a
literary curiosity. His " Voyage dans I'Amerique
septentrionale dans les annees 1780-'2 " (2 vols.,
Paris, 1786 ; English translation by George Grieve,
London, 1787) contains notices of the natural his-
tory of the country, interesting details of the locali-
ties and events of the war, and observations on the
character of the chief actors in it. It includes his
journal written when travelling from Newport,
I. I., to Philadelphia, thence to Saratoga, and in
Virginia, and its style is agreeable, though some-
times frivolous. His " Discours sur les avantages
et les dessavantages qui resultent pour I'Europe de
la decouverte de I'Amerique " (1787) is praised by
La Harpe as his best work. He concludes that the
advantages of the discovery outweigh the disad-
vantages. He also translated into French David
Humphreys's " Address to the Army of the United
States." ChastcUux married Miss Plunket, a lady
of Irish descent, the year before his death. He was
made a member of the French academy in 1775.
CHATARD, Francis Silas, R. C. bishop, b. in
Baltimore, Md., in 1834. He was graduated at
Mount St. Mary's, Emmettsburg, in 1853, and
adopted the profession of medicine, but, after fin-
ishing his course, he decided to enter the church.
With this view he became a student of the Ur-
ban college, Rome, in 1857, and at the end of six
years won the cap of a doctor of divinity in public
theses. He was shortly afterward appointed vice-
rector of the American college, and, on the eleva-
tion of Dr. McCloskey to the episcopate, became
rector. In this place, which he held for ten years,
he rendered excellent service not only to the
American college, but to the American bishops
that visited Rome. His efforts during the Vati-
can council were recognized by Pius IX., who. as a
token of his appreciation, presented him with a
gold medal of exquisite workmanship. Dr. Clia-
tard visited the United States in 1878, and obtained
large sums for the American college. On his re-
turn to Rome, he was notified of his appointment
to the bishopric of Vincennes. He was conse-
crated the same year, and took up his residence
at Indianapolis. He is the author of several devo-
tional and controversial works.
CHATEAUBRIAND, François Auguste,
Viscount de, French statesman, b. in St. Malo in
September, 1768; d. in Paris, 4 July, 1848. He sprang
from a noble family of Brittany, and received his
education at the colleges of Dôle and Rennes. He
was destined for the church, but preferred the army,
and received a commission as second lieutenant
in 1785. His first production, an idyllic poem,
“L'amour de la campagne,” revealed nothing of
the genius he afterward manifested. He had no
sympathy with the revolutionary movements in
Paris, and in the spring of 1791 embarked for the
United States, ostensibly in search of the
northwest
passage. In Philadelphia he dined with
Washington, and when the president alluded to
the obstacles in the way of a polar expedition, the
young traveller said: “Sir, it is less difficult than
to create a nation, as you have done.” Chateaubriand
then visited New York, Boston, and Albany,
and went among the Indian tribes, living with
them, and exploring the country bordering on the
great lakes. He afterward travelled through Florida,
and spent some time among the Natchez.
These wanderings among the savages, the strange
beauties of the American continent, the size of its
rivers, the solitude of its forests, made a powerful
impression upon his imagination. Hearing of the
flight and arrest of Louis XVI., he returned to
France, but, finding that he could not benefit the
royal cause, joined the emigrants at Coblentz, and
afterward enlisted in a company that followed the
Prussian army in their invasion of France. He
was wounded and left for dead near Thionville,
taken to Jersey by a charitable person, and from
1793 till 1800 was an exile in England, where he
was reduced to extreme poverty. He was converted
from materialism by the dying appeal of his
mother, and in 1798 began to compose his “Génie
du Christianisme.” He returned to France under
an assumed name, and completed this work,
publishing it in 1802. The romance of “Atala,” a
picture of life among the American aborigines,
which was incorporated in this work, had
previously appeared in the “Mercure de France” in
1801, and attracted much attention. His work
gained him a diplomatic appointment from
Bonaparte; but after the execution of the Duc
d'Enghien he resigned it, and afterward bitterly assailed
the emperor. Chateaubriand's political career was
somewhat wayward. He called himself “a Bourbonist
from the point of honor, a royalist by reason,
a republican by taste and disposition.” He
had published a political pamphlet entitled “De
Buonaparte et des Bourbons” (1814), which did
good service in the king's cause, and after the
restoration he became minister of state and a peer of
France. Forfeiting the royal favor, he lost his
office, but, becoming reconciled, he was minister to
Berlin in 1821, to London in 1822, and, as a member
of the congress of Verona, was instrumental in
bringing about the French expedition to Spain. On
his return he was made minister of foreign affairs.
Throughout this time he remained a royalist, till,
on being dismissed from office by the prime minister,
de Villete, in 1824, he joined the liberals. He
made himself popular by advocating Greek
independence, but after 1830 ceased to be active in
politics, and gave himself up to literary pursuits.
Among his numerous works, besides those already
noticed, are “Les martyrs” (1809); “Itinéraire de
Paris à Jérusalem” (1811); “Études, ou discours
historiques,” an introduction to a history of France
on a gigantic plan (1831); “Voyage en Amérique,
en France et en Italie” (1834); “Essai sur la
littérature anglaise” (1836); and “Mémoires d'outretombe,”
an autobiography (12 vols., 1849-'50; new
ed., illustrated, 8 vols., 1856; 6 vols., 1861;
German translation, 2d ed., Jena, 1852). This work
he sold in advance in 1836, and lived on an
annuity secured by the proceeds. His life was spent
in retirement, the drawing-room of his friend,
Mme. Récamier, being almost the only place he
visited. There he could be seen every evening
among the élite of the literary world. But a
profound melancholy clouded his latter years. Most
of his works have been translated into the English,
German, and other languages. The complete and
separate editions are numerous. The best of the
