Page:Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology.djvu/682

cipitation with subsequent digestion and darkening. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, malt- ose, dextrin, glycerol and salicin. Galactose, sucrose, lactose, rhamnose, rafiinose, inulin, adonitol, dulcitol, mannitol, xylose, arabi- nose and inositol not fermented (Bengtson, op. cit., 1924, 22-25). Fermentation records are variable. Coagulated albumin: Liquefaction. Ac- tion of Type B usually more marked than that of Type A. Blood serum: Liquefaction. Brain medium: Blackened and digested with putrefactive odor. Meat medium: Blackened and digested. Putrefactive odor. Tyrosine crystals not observed. Anaerobic. Optimum temperature, between 35° and 37° C. A powerful exotoxin is produced which is neurotoxic both on injection and on feeding and which is neutralized only by the homolo- gous type antitoxin. Toxin production best at about 28° C. Pathogenic for animals. Distinctive characters: This group com- prises the putrefactive (ovolytic) species, including strains commonly referred to as Mem-phis and Canton (Type A), and Nevin (Type B). Growth of these types is more easily obtained than with the Clostridium botulinwn strains, and the reactions are more obvious. Types are identified chiefly by protection tests with known-type anti- toxin and, to a lesser extent, by agglutina- tion. Comments: Many authors have ignored the Bengtson system of classification and thus have referred incorrectly to Clostridium botulinum (q.v., comments) in reporting data for the ovolytic types. Gunnison and Meyer (Jour. Inf. Dis., 43, 1929, 130) pro- pose an intermediate group between Clos- tridium botulinum and Clostridium para- botulinum which they call Clostridium metabotulinum. Such a group would pro- visionally include certain European Type B strains, the Australian Type C strain, cer- tain American Type C strains and the South African Type D strain. Source: Isolated chiefly from spoiled, non-acid, canned goods, from soil and from silage. Habitat: Found rather widely dispersed in soil. 29. Clostridium caproicum Prevot, 1938. (Bacillus anaerobicus der Capronsaure- gruppe, Rodella, Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., 16, 1906, 58; Pr6vot, Ann. Inst. Past., 61, 1938, 84; Bacillus anaerobicus caproicus Pre- vot, Man. d. Class, et d. D^term. d. Bact. Anaerob., 1940, 140.) ca.pro'i.cum. M.L. noun acidum capro- icum caproic acid; M.L. adj. caproicus per- taining to caproic acid. Straight rods, 3.0 to 8.0 microns, with square ends. Spores ovoid, clostridial. Mo- tile. Gram-positive. Gelatin: Liquefaction in 48 hours. Agar deep colonies: Woolly, arborescent. Liquid media: Filamentous growth with viscous sediment. Gas produced with a fetid odor. Milk: Digested in two to three days. Indole produced in small amounts. Hydrogen sulfide produced. Glucose, fructose, maltose and sorbitol fermented. Lactose, galactose, sucrose, mannitol, inulin and starch not attacked. Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Coagulated egg albunain : Slowly attacked but not completely digested. Fibrin incompletely digested. Coagulated serum: Digested in three to eight days. Anaerobic. Distinctive characters: Produces caproic and acetic acids. Differs from Clostridium kluyveri Barker and Taha, which does not grow in the usual media. Source: Isolated from cheese. Habitat: Mud (Prevot, Zimmes, Peyre and Lanthiez, Ann. Inst. Past., 73, 1947, 222). 30. Clostridium saccharoacetoperbu- tylicum Beesch, 1948. (Clostridium sac- charo-acetoperbutylicum (sic) Beesch, U. S. Letters Pat., 2,439,791, April 20, 1948.) sac.char.o.a.ce.to.per.bu.tyl'i.cum. Gr. noun saccharum sugar; L. noun acidum aceti- cum acetic acid; L. pref. per much, exceed- ingly; L. adj. butylicus pertaining to the