Page:Cambridge Modern History Volume 1.djvu/33

Contents. xxix PAGE Cusanus. Diocesan and Provincial Synods ...... 621) Statutes against abuses. Their inefficiency. Cusauus as Legato . . 630 His visitations and reforming energy 631 The effects inadequate. His quarrel with Sigismund of Tyrol . . . 632 Death of Cusanus, 1464. The literary Renaissance. Printing . . 633 Support of the Church. Rudolf Agricola. Hegius. Wimpheling . . 634 His works. His aims. The University of Paris ..... 635 Gallicanism. Other Universities. Wessel at Paris . . . . . 636 The Renaissance in France. Universities in Germany .... 637 The universities orthodox. The Church and education in Germany . 633 Religious publications. The printing of the Bible 639 The Bible in translations. No printed English Bible before 1520 . . 640 Wyclif s Bible. Other translations. The press in Germany . . . 641 Influence of the hierarchy and the religious Orders. Erasmus in England . 642 The English clergy and the Renaissance 643 Decay of learning in England after the Reformation. Colet . . . 644 Religion in England. Legatine commission of Wolsey, 1518 . . . 645 Wolsey and education. The Papacy and reform 646 Saints and preachers in Italy 647 The Orders in Italy. Gilds and brotherhoods in Italy .... 648 Savonarola. His ideas and aspirations 649 His failure. The Spanish crowns and the Spanish Church. Ximenes . 650 Mendoza. Talavera. Spanish demands for papal reform . . . . 651 Spirit of Catholic reformers. Contrast with the Reformation . . . 652 CHAPTER XIX. THE EVE OF THE REFORMATION. By HENRY CHAULES LEA. Union of spiritual and secular forces in the Reformation .... 653 Medieval struggle of Church and State for supremacy. The victory of the spiritual power .... 654 Failure of the Councils. Pretensions of the Popes in the fifteenth century . 655 Legates and nuncios. Control of patronage. Simony .... 656 Complaints and resistance. Nomination of bishops. Venice . . . 657 Hungary. Spain. The Empire 658 Pluralism. Extravagant wealth of the clergy. Examples . . . 659 Immunities of the clergy. Venetian claims 660 Sixtus IV and Florence. Papal claim to shelter the laity . . . 661 Indulgences. Exemption from taxation of church property . . . 662 Progressive secularisation of the Holy See, from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century 663 Consequent danger to the Pope from Italian enemies .... 664 Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X. Distrust of the Papacy The crusades starved in consequence. Extravagance of the Popes . . 666 Cost of collection of papal revenues. Farming of the revenues . . 667 Dispensations. Annates and tithes of ecclesiastical revenue ... 66! Tlefusal to pay tithe in the fifteenth century. Venality of the Curia Sale of offices. Cost of business 670