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304 Amendments adopted. [1739 there adopted, and then sent to and ratified by three-fourths of the States. Of the two which failed, one related to the number of repre- sentatives in the lower House of Congress, the other to the compensation of senators and representatives. Of those which prevailed, the first pro- hibited Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; the second related to the right to bear arms; the third, to quartering soldiers in private houses ; the fourth, to security against general search warrants ; the fifth, to trials for capital and other crimes, and to compensation for taking private property for public use; the sixth, to other matters relating to trials for crime ; the seventh, to trial by jury in civil cases ; the eighth, to bail; the ninth declared that the enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights should not be construed to deny or dis- parage others retained by the people; the tenth, that the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, were reserved to the States or to the people. These amendments may be said to have completed the Constitution, in the sense that it was urged, and in effect admitted, that what they contained deserved a place in the instrument itself. All that was left was for the Supreme Court to make it plain that the Constitution was really " adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union." This was done when, under the guidance of John Marshall, it was shown that in giving powers to the nation, the Con- stitution had, with a few well-marked exceptions, given those powers to the full, with every incident suitable to them. A word more must close this chapter. The record of debates in the Federal Convention tells the truth, but not the whole truth. Every great undertaking has its master spirit ; the master spirit of the Conven- tion which framed the Constitution of the United States, and of all that led to it, was Alexander Hamilton. There were other strong leaders, leaders who played a greater part in the long series of debates, Madison, Gouverneur Morris, Wilson ; but Hamilton, present or absent he could give counsel from New York, while his vote in the Convention was to be silenced by his colleagues Yates and Lansing was chief among them. Hamilton had already thought out the idea of a Constitution, clear, definite, and strong to withstand domestic feuds and foreign greed. He had thought out, and he laid before the Convention, a form of instrument which he considered better than any likely to be adopted; but if he knew that the mark was too high, it was still to be the mark. A nation was to be created and established, created of jarring commonwealths and established on the highest level of right.