ROMERO
179
ROMULUS
sity. Its present state is as follows: philosophy and
letters, chairs ordinary, 23, extraordinary, 3; tutors,
13; physics and mathematics, chairs ordinary, 23,
extraordinary, 7; tutors, 16; law, chairs ordinary,
16; tutors, 8; medicine, chairs ordinary, 20, extraor-
dinary, 2; tutors, 15; philosophy and letters,
prof essors, 33 ; docents, 33; physics and mathematics,
professors, 34 (with 4 assistants); docents, 41; law
professors, 17; docents, 36; medicine, professors, 35;
docents, 98. Annexed to the university are schools
of philosophy, literature, and natural science, ar-
chaeology, medieval and modern art. Oriental lan-
guages, pharmacy, and applied engineering. There
are also institutes of pedagogy, chemistry, physics,
mineralogy, zoology, botany, anatomy, anthropology,
geology, physiology, the astronomical observatory
of the Campidoglio, many medical institutes and
clinics, and finally the Alexandrine library. The
number of students in 1909-10 was 3686. Owing to
the growth of the university after 1870, the building
of the Sapienza was insufficient, consequently the
schools of physical and natural sciences had to be
located elsewhere.
See the Annuario della Reale Universitd degli studi di Roma (1870-71 to 1909-10); Renazzi, Storia dell' Universitd degli Studi di Roma (Rome, 1803-6); Carafa, De Gymnasia Romano eiusque professoribus ab Urbe condita (Rome, 1751); Den'ifle, Die Universitdten des Mittelallers, I (Berlin, 188.5) ; Relazione e notizie intorno alia Regia Universitd di Roma (Rome, 1873);
U. Beniqni.
Romero, Juan, missionary and Indian linguist, b. in the village of Machena, Andalusia, Spain, 1559; d. at Santiago, Chile, 31 Alarch, 1630. He entered the Society of Je.sus in 1580, was assigned to the South American mission in 1588, and arrived in Peru in January, 1590, to take up his work among the Indians. From 1593 to 1598 he was superior of the missions of Tucuman, the missionary centre for the wild tribes of what is now northern Argentina. After a term as procurator in Rome, he returned to South America in 1610 and was successively superior of the Jesuit college at Buenos Aires, rector of the colleges of Santiago del Estero, Argentina, and Santiago, Chile, and first vice-
?)rovincial of Chile. In his long service of nearly orty years as active or directing missionary Father Romero acquired a more or Iciss fluent knowknlge of several Indian languages, particularly of the Guarani (q. V.) of Paraguay, on which he was an authority. He was also the author of numerous letters and shorter papers and of an important manuscript work, "De Praedestinatione."
SoMMERVOGEL, BibUolhkque de la C. de J., pt. I (Brusisels and Paris, 1896), bibliogr. vii; sketch in Lozano, Historia de la Com- paflia de Jesus de la Provincia del Paraguay (2 vols., Madrid,
1754-5). James Mooney.
Romuald, Saint, b. at Ravenna, probably about 950; d. at Val-di-Castro, 19 June, 1027. St. Peter Damian, his first biographer, and almost all the Camaldolese writers assert that St. Romuald's age at his death was one hundred and twenty, and that therefore he was bom about 907. This is disputed by most modern writers. Such a date not only results in a series of improbabilities with regard to events in the saint's life, but is al.so irreconcilable with known dates, and probably was determined from some mistaken in- ference by St. Peter Damian In his youth Romuald indulged in the usual thoughtless and even vicious life of the tenth-century noble, yet felt greatly drawn to the eremetical life. At the age of twenty, struck with horror because his father had killed an enemy in a duel, he fled to the Abbey of San Apollinare-in-Olasse and after some hesitation entered religion. San Apollinare had recently been reformed by St. Maieul of Cluny, but still was not strict enough in its observ- ance to satisfy Romuald. His injudicious correction of the less zealous aroused such enmity against him that he applied for, and was readily granted, permis- sion to retire to Venice, where he placed himself under
the direction of a hermit named Marinus and lived a
life of extraordinary severity. About 978, Pietro
Orseolo I, Doge of Venice, who had obtained his office
by acquiescence in the murder of his predecessor,
began to suffer remorse for his crime. On the advice
of Guarinus, Abbot of San Miguel-de-Cuxa, in Cata-
lonia, and of Marinus and Romuald, he abandoned his
office and relations, and fled to Cuxa, where he took
the habit of St. Benedict, while Romuald and Marinus
erected a hermitage close to the monastery. For five
years the saint lived a life of great austerity, gather-
ing round him a band of disciples. Then, hearing that
his father, Sergius, who had be-
come a monk, was tormented
with doubts as to his vocation,
he returned in haste to Italy,
subjected Sergius to severe dis-
cipline, and so resolved his
doubts. For the next thirty years
St. Romuald seems to have
wandered about Italy, founding
many monasteries and hermi-
tages. For some time he made
Pereum his favourite resting
place. In 1005 he went to Val-
di-Castro for about two years,
and left it, prophesying that he
would return to die there alone
and unaided. Again he wan-
dered about Italy: then at-
tempted to go to Hungary, but
was prevented by persistent ill-
ness. In 1012 he appeared at
Vallombrosa, whence he moved
into the Diocese of Arezzo.
Here, according to the legend, a
certain Maldolus, who had seen
a vision of monks in white gar-
ments ascending into Heaven,
gave him some land, afterwards ^
known as the Campus Maldoli, ^^^' 'Z ""n r^T
/^ 111- Oi 11 111 -i! The Brothers Della Rob-
or tamaldoli. St. Romuald built bia. Cathedral of San- on this land five cells for hermits, sepolcro
which, with the monastery at Fontebuono, built two years later, became the famous mother-house of the Camaldolese Order (q. v.). In 1013 he retired to Monte-Sitria. In 1021 he went to Bifolco. Five years later he returned to Val-di-Castro where he died, as he had prophesied, alone in his cell. Many miracles were wrought at his tomb, over which an altar was allowed to be erected in 1032. In 1466 his body was found still incorrupt; it was translated to Fabriano in 1481. In 1595 Clement VII fixed his feast on 7 Feb., the day of the translation of his relics, and extended its celebration to the whole Church. He is represented in art pointing to a ladder on which are monks ascending to Heaven.
Acta SS., Feb., II (Venice, 1735), 101-46; CAaXANlZA. Historia de S. Romvaldo (Madrid, 1597); Collina, Vita di S. Romualdo (Bologna, 1748); Grando, Dissertationes Camaldulenses (Lucca, 1707), II, 1-144; III, 1-160; Mabillon, Acta SS. O. S. B., ssec. VI, par. I (Venice, 1733), 246-78; Mittarelli and Costadoni, Annates Camaldulenses, I (Venice, 1755); St. Peter Damian in P. L., CXLIV (Paris, 1867), 953-1008; Trichaud, Vie de Saint Romuald (Amiens, 1879); Waitz in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Hist: Script., IV (Hanover, 1841), 846-7.
Leslie A. St. L. Toke.
Romulus Augustulus, deposed in the year 476, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire. His reign was purely nominal. After the murder of Valentinian III (455) the Theodosian dynasty was extinct in Western Europe and the Suevian Ricimer, a grandson of Wallia, a king of the West Goths, governed the Western Empire for sixteen years as its real ruler. Like Stilicho and Aetius he raised five shadowy emperors to the throne and then deposed them, partly in agreement with the Eastern Empire. After his death in 472 his nephew Gun-
