SALZMANN
415
SiMAR
enjoyed the right of nomination for Sekkau and La-
vant at every vacancy, and for Gurk at every third
vacancy. For Leoben — of which, however, Engel
was the first and the last bishoiJ — the founder was
to have the right of nomination, and the metropoHtan
the right of confirmation.
The classical wi iters of church music throw a radiance about Salzburg at this period. The house in which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born (1756) now contains the Mozart mu-seum, with com- positions of the master, and his skull (a legacy of Hj^rtl) . Mozart died in 1791 at Vienna, whither he had come at the age of twenty years. Michael Haydn occu- pied throughout his life the position of orchestral conductor of the Archbi.shop of Salzburg (d. 1806). Archbishop Jerome was a special patron of Haydn, and was dehghted by the master's new compositions for almost every ecclesiastical function. Among Haydn's works are thirty masses, over one hundred graduals, and the glorious "Hier Hegt vor deiner Majestat" (Here lies before Thy Majesty). The.se and the incomparably beautiful responsories of Holy Week express a deep religious sentiment. Salzburg suffered much through the French wars, which led to the destruction of the ecclesiastical principahty. The signers of the Peace of Westphalia agreed on one point, that ecclesia,stical territory- should furnish the means of mutual compensation, the so-called "secularization". Similarly the men of the French Revolution soon confiscated all church property, and the Germans, their apt pupils, completed the secularization in Germany by the decree of the Im- perial Delegate at Ratisbon. The Catholic Church lost three and a half million adherents and a yearly income of twenty million gulden (about §8,000,000). The archbishops of Salzburg were dej)rived in the same year of their temporal sovereignty; Jerome, the last ecclesiastical sovereign of Salzburg, died at Vienna.
During the first two decades of the nineteenth century Salzburg had a chequered fate: from 1803 to 1805 it was an electorate under Grand-Duke Fer- dinand of Tuscany; from 1805 to 1809 it [)assed into the possession of Austria, from 1809 to the Peace of Vienna it was liavarian. Short ius waa the Bavarian dominion, Montegelas found time to overturn all the old institutions. In 1810 the university was di.s- .solved, although the theological faculty remained; the monasteries were forbidden to receive novices, and they owed their continued existence to Crown- Prince Ludwig. The Peace of Vienna restored this beautiful land to the mild rule of the Habsburgs. PYancis I gave it an eminent archbishop in August in Gruber. Gruber was born at Vienna and developed, as catechist at St. Anna's and as teacher of cate- chetics for the alumni, into the classical writer on catechetical instruction. His "Theorie der Kate- chetik" and "Praktisches Handbuch der Katechetik fur Katholiken" (2 vols.) have appeared in numenius editions. As aulic councillor for ecclesiastical affairs, Gruber drafted the statute of organization for the Archdiocese of Salzburg, on his .succession to which he laboured in the true spirit of St. ,\ugustine. Always mild and affectionate, he won back even the obstinate Manharter Sect to the Church; he lectured personally to the ecclesiastical students, especially on St. Augustine and the " Regula pastoralis" of Greg- ory the Great. On his tours of visitation, he would question the parish-priest concerning the theme suit- able to the local conditions, and would immediately preach thereon. One cannot read without emotion his correspondence and hear of his per.sonal rela- tions with Prince Friedrich Schwarzenberg, who became in more than one respect his successor. John Cardinal Katschthaler is the eighty-third bishop, and the seventy-fourth Archbishop of Salz- burg. The archdiocese contains 270,000 CathoUcs,
483 secular priests, 216 male religious in 11 convents,
and 998 nuns in 102 convents.
Greixz. Das soziale Wirken der kathol. Kirche in der Erzd. Salz- burg (Vienna, 1898) ; Rieder, Kurze Gesch. des Landes Salzburg (Salzburg, 1905J ; Widmann, Gesch. Salzburg's (2 vols., Gotha, 1907-9), extending to 1519. Q. WOLFSGRUBER.
Salzznann, Joseph, founder of St. Francis Provin- cial Seminary (St. Francis, Wisconsin) known as the "Salesianum", one of the best known pioneer priests of the North-west, b. at Miinzbach, Dioce-se of Linz, Upper Austria, 17 Aug., 1819; d. at St. Francis, Wis- consin, 17 Jan., 1874. He was ordained in 1842, and laboured very successfully in his home diocese until 1847, when the visit of the first Bisho]) of Milwaukee, John Martin Henni, and his urgent appeal ripened his long-felt desire to devote his fife to the foreign mis- sions. Having come to Milwaukee in October, 1847, he was ai)pointed to a small country mi.ssion, but soon his extraordinary success induced the bishop to make him pastor of St. Mary's congregation at Milwaukee. There the German free-thinkers resorted to every kind of insult and calumny to thwart the success of this in- trepid fhaiiipion of the Church, and he encountered a long and bitter combat with them. Feeling the la- mentable scarcity of priests Salzmann conceived the idea of founding a seminary. To collect the neces- sary funds he went from state to state, and after many difficulties, on 29 January, 1856, the institution was opened with twenty-five students. Rev. Michael Heiss, afterwards Archbishop of Milwaukee, was its first rector. The seminary is now one of the most prominent in the country. Several hundreds of priests and twenty-three bishops call it their Alma Plater.
Salzmann is also the founder of the first Catholic normal school in the United States and of the Pio Nono College. After years of hard struggles the Catho- lic Normal School of the Holy P'amily now stands on a solid basis and yearly sends out efficient teachers to parochial schools. The American branch of the St. Cecilia Sf>ciety for the promotion of genuine church music owes its existence and growth to him. Salz- mann was of a noble character full of holy enthusiasm for t he cause of God and his Church, fearless in the de- fence of truth, an eloquent preacher, a warm friend and father of his students, and a wise counsellor to priests and bi.shops.
Rain-ier, Dr. Joseph Salzmann, Leben u. Wirken (St. Louis, 187fi; 2nd ed., Milwaukee, 1903); tr. Bero, A Noble Priest (Mil- waukee, 1903).
Joseph Rainier.
Samar and Leyte, the names of two civil provinces in the \'isayan group of the Philippines, which in- clude the islands of BaHcuatro, Batac, Biliran, Capul, Daram, Homonhon, Leyte (2722 sq. miles), Manicani, Panaon, Sdmar (5031 sq. miles), and several smaller islands, and which make up the Diocese of C.\l- B.\Y(JG (Calbayogana), suffragau of Manila. The diocesan .seat is at Calbayog, a city of 22,000 inhabi- tants on the western side of Sdmar; the cathedral is dedicated to Sts. Peter and Paul. The first Jesuit missionaries reached Leyte and Sdmar in 1595, the islands subseciuently forming part of the Diocese of Cebu until erected into a separate diocese, 10 April, 1910. The first bi.shop is the Rt. Rev. Pablo Singzon de la Anunciacion, D.D., formerly Vicar-General of Cebu, consecrated in St. Francis's Church, Manila, 24 June, 1910. The Lazarist Fathers have charge of the diocesan seminary and college of St. Vincent de Paul at Calbayog. Besides training j'ouths for the priesthood they give courses of primary instruction in seven grades, three commercial courses, a four years' high school course, and classical courses for the B.A. degree (Greek, Latin, English, Spani.sh, natural sci- ence, higher mathematics, and philosophy). There are 180 students. The Sisters of Charity have charge of the girls' academy, the College of the Miraculous Medal, at Calbayog, in which there are primary, sec-
