VAUGHAN
315
VAUX
(aughan was there before the high altar in his coffin,
during the last years of his hfe the cardinal suffered
rom almost continuous ill-health. He laboured
trenuously to the last, especially in the cause of the
lenominational schools. He had fought their fight
or a quarter of a century and had the satisfaction of
eeing the great Act of 1902 safely on the statute
lOok. On 25 March, 1903, he left Archbishop's
louse for ever. St. Joseph's College, MiU Hill,
lad been his first love and it was his last ; he went
here to die and he chose it for his place of burial,
le lingered on until the nineteenth of June, when the
nd came a few hours after he had made his pubhc
irofession of faith in the presence of the Westminster
chapter. When the body was laid out for burial an
"on circlet was foimd driven into the flesh of the left
rm. Cardinal Vaughan was a man of strong vitality,
nd his energies were devoted, with rare singleness of
urpose, to one end — the salvation of souls. He
)ved directness in thought and speech, and had
ttle taste for speculation or analysis. He knew how
3 win and to hold the allegiance of men, and the
auching extracts from his intimate diary which
'ere published after his death showed him to have
een a man of exceptional and unsuspected humilitv.
.'iNEAD-Cox. The Life of Herbert, Cardinal Vaughan (2 vol's., ondon, 1910). J. Q. SneAD-CoX.
Vaughan, Roger William (Bede), second Arch- ishop of Sj'dney, b. at Courtfield, Herefordshire, January, 1834; d. at Ince-Blimdell Hall, Lancashire, 7 August, 1883. He was the second .son of Colonel ohn Vaughan and Ehza his first wife, and was thus he younger brother of Cardinal Vaughan, Archbishop f Westminster. Being delicate he was educated at ome under the influence of his saintly mother till he ras seventeen, when he went to Downside. There e decid€-d to become a Benedictine, and, in 185.5, aving finished his novitiate, he was sent to Rome, here he studied at the Benedictine house of St. Paul- lutside-the-Walls. A year after his ordination 1859) he returned to Downside, where he took harge of the mission. In November, 1861, he ecame professor of philosophy, and, a year later, athedral prior at St. Michael's Priory, Belmont, a ost which he held till 1872. While at Belmont he Tote his great work, "The Life and Labours of St. "homas Aquintis" (London, 1S71-2; 2nd ed., 1890). Q 1872 he was chosen as coadjutor to Archbishop 'olding of Sydney, an event which justified the remonition he always had that he was destined to 'ork in Austraha. He was consecrated as titular .rchbishop of Nazianzus by Archbishop Manning at .iverpool, on 19 March, 1872, and during the summer liled for Australia. Five years later, on Dr. Pold- ig's death (16 March, 1877), he succeeded him as .rchbishop of Sydney. The remaining six years ■ere devoted to apostolic work, especially preaching, 1 which he was indefatigable in spite of the strain on
constitution never strong. He proved a capable dministrator, fighting energetically for Catholic iterests, especially those of primary education, which e provided for by the foundation of Catholic schools. le also took great interest in the completion of his ithedral which he hved to open. He was a man of reat holiness, and so far as possible continued even hen archbishop to lead the life of a simple monk. f^hile visiting England for the sake of his health he ied suddenly at his uncle's house.
Hedlet, Afemoir of the Most Rev. Roger Bede Vaughan (London, W4); GiLLOw. Bihl. Did. Eng. Calh.. a. v. (which gives a list of is minor work.s) : Snead-Co-X, Life of Cardinal Vaughan (London, }10). See II. 282-86. for the lamentable differences which •0!*e with reeard to his burial; Birt, Benedictine Pioneers in lulralia (London, 1911). EdwI.V BuRTON.
Vauquelin, Louis -Nicolas, b. at Saint-Andr^- 'Hebertot, Normandy, 16 May, 1763; d. 14 Nov., 8'29. In youth as apprentice to an apothecary of Loucn he developed a liking for chemistry. Later he
went to Paris and met Fourcroy, who had been in-
fluenced by Lavoisier and the latter's insistence upon
the importance of quantitative measurements. Later
he became even more accomplished than his master in
the field of analytical chemistry. In fact he did nothing
in any other branch of chemical work, and although he
WTote voluminously, as many as three hundred and
seventy-eight papers being pubhshed by him, none
of his work had any other direction than that of giv-
ing descriptions of analytical operations and results.
It made no difference whether it was in vegetable or
mineral chemistry, or whether physiological or patho-
logical, his work was only analytical, but of course it
led to large advances in the field of the constitution
of substances he studied. In 1812 he pubhshed a
manual of assaying. He was one of the first to
instruct students by means of practical laboratory
teaching. The most illustrious of these followers was
Thenard. In 1798 Vauquelin discovered oxide of
beryUium in beryl. He also isolated chromium
from lead ores. With Berzelius he ascertained cor-
rectly the composition of carbon bisulphide, which had
been first made by Lampadius in 1796. He dis-
covered quinic acid, asparagin, camphoric acid, and
other organic substances. His death, which was very
edifying, occurred while he was on a visit to his birth-
place. Charles F. McKenna.
Vauz (Vose), La0rence, canon regular, author of a catechism, martyr in prison, b. at Blackrod, Lancashire, 1519; d. intheCUnk, 1.585. Educated at Manchester and Oxford, he was ordained in 1542, and took the degree of B.D. at Oxford in 1556. He was first a fellow, and then, 1558, warden of Manchester College, a parish church which had been endowed as a collegiate by Thomas, fifth Baron la Warr, 1421, and re-established by Queen Mary, 1557. In 1.559 Elizabeth's ecclesiastical commissioners held a visita- tion in Manchester College, and summoned the warden and fellows before them. However, knowing what to expect, Vaux had removed himself and the college deeds and church plate to a place of safe hiding. He was now a marked man, and after a time he took ref- uge in Louvain, 1561. Here he .seems to have kept a school for the children of the EngUsh exiles, then comparatively numerous, for whom in fact he compiled his catechism. Meanwhile in England there was considerable uncertainty among the faithful as to how far it was lawful to conform outwardly with the State rehgion. Pius V commissioned two of the exiles at Louvain, Doctors Sanders and Harding, to publish his decision, informing the Catholics that to frequent the Established services was a mortal sin. Vaux was in Rome in 1566; in a private audience the pope in- structed him more fully as to the scope of his decision, and finally the task of making kno\vn the papal sen- fence in England was delegated to him. He returned therefore and conducted a vigorous and successful campaign against the schismatical practice, especially in his native Lanca.shire. This activity drew down the anger of the Government on his head, and in Februarj', 1568, a queen's WTit was issued for his arrest; this document mentions also Allen, though he was not in the countrj' at the time. Vaux again escaped and returned to Louvain.
Here, now at the age of fifty-four, he sought and obtained admission among the canons regular in the Priory of St. Martin's. He was clothed in the habit on St. Lawrence's Day, 10 August, 1572, and made his profession the following May. Before taking the vows he drew up a legal doonnent to provide for tlie safe custody of the deeds and valuables which he had saved from the commissioners at Manchester, "until such time ;is the college should be restored to the Catholic Faith, or until Catholics should live in it". So great was the esteem in which Father Lawrence was held by the canons that shortly after his pro-
