TRANSYLVANIA
22
TRANSYLVANIA
Greek V?
Cathedral of the
Karlsburg, Transylv
In 1715 the Catholic Diocese of Transylvania was 7 by the bishop. In 1912 the diocese contained: 16
re-estabhshed with its see at Karlsburg. Thus for a archdeaconeries, 229 parishes, 398 secular priests, 226
century and a half Tran.sylvania formed a distinct regular priests, 354,145 Cathohcs, 2 houses of Minor-
crown land of the Austrian monarchy, and was ites with 29 members; 24 houses of Franciscans with
independent of Hungary. This arrangement was 153 members; 1 of the Piari.sts with 44 members; 1 of
fundamentally changed by the Hun-
garian Revolution of 184S-49. As
early as the decade 1830-40, the
desire for the union of Transylvania
with Hungary was constantly and
increasingly expressed in Hungary.
These efforts failed, however, on
account of the opposition of the
Saxons, who fought energetically for
political independence from Hungary
and municipal self-administration.
Nevertheless, despite the opposition
of the Saxons, the union with revo-
lutionary Hungary was proclaimed
in the Transylvania Diet on 30 May,
1848, and thus Transylvania became
involved in the defection from the
Habsburg dynasty. After the sup-
pre.ssion of the revolt with the aid
of Russia the supremacy of the
Austrian Crown was absolute in
Transylvania, as in Hungary, dur-
ing the years 1849-60, after which
the country received the right of
self-administration once more, and
the chancellery for Transylvania was formally re-
established at "Vienna. By the treaty of adjustment
between Austria and Hungary in 1867 the Magyar
efforts for the control of Transylvania met with com-
plete success. Its independence as a crown province
was annulled and it was united with Hungary. The
Transylvanian chancellery at Vienna and the supreme
court at Klausenburg were abolished, the Transyl-
vanian Diet was dissolved,
the municipal independ-
ence of the Saxons was
destroyed, and in 1876 the
country was divided into
fifteen counties. Since
then Transylvania has been
nothing more than a Hun-
garian province and the
non-Hungarian part of the
population, the Germans
and Rumanians, are at
the mercy of an arbitrary
Magyarization by the
Hungarian government.
The area of Transylva- nia is 21,578 .sq. m.; in 1900 its population was 2,476,998. Of this num- ber, as regards religion, 13.3 per cent were Catho- hcs of the Latin Rite, 28.2 per cent Uniats of the Greek and Armenian Rites; 30.3 per cent Or- thodox Greeks; 14.7 per cent members of the Reformed Church; 9 per
cent Lutherans; 2.0 per ucm. i.^ii..<i...»no, -.* -^j — .-.....— ■,-— - , „,..i,„f
per cent Jews. According to nationahties, 32.9 ongmal limits of the diocese varied somewhat per cent were Magyars; 9.3 per cent, German; 56.5 from the present boundaries, as they included per cent, Rumanians; 1.1 per cent, Serbs; the re- the County of Mdrmaros, while the proyost- mainder wore mainlv Gypsies or Armenians. There ship of Szeben was exenipt and some parts of the exists for the Catholics of the Latin Rite the Diocese Szekler countr>' were subject to the bishop ot iviil- of Transylvania with its see at Karlsburg. Since kovia in Rumania. The bishops received rich dona- 1897 the bishop has been Gustav Karl, Count Maj- tionsfrom King Bi^la R , Charles Robert Louis I. and Idth von Szfkhelv, a member of the Hungarian House Sigismund. The diocese suffered greatly during the of Lords The" cathedral chapter consists of ten reign of BC-la IV from the Tatar inv;ision, and (hiring members, of whom 3 are appointed bv tlie king, and the <-ivil disturbances under his successors, but re-
Mechitarist monks with li mem-
bers; 9 of Franciscan nuns with 187
Sisters; 4 of Sisters of Mercy with
56 Sisters; 1 of Ursuline nuns with
37 Sisters. There are 229 parish
churches and 2200 dependent
churches. The Uniat Catholics
have the Archdiocese of Alba Julia
Fogaras and its suffragan the Dio-
cese of Armenierstadt. The Ortho-
dox Greeks are under the direction
of the Oriental Greek Rumanian
Archdiocese at Hermannstadt. The
Reformed, or Protestants of the
Helvetic Confession, are under the
bishop at Klausenburg; the Luther-
ans are under the bishop at Her-
mannstadt; the Unitarians have a
representative consistory at Klaus-
enburg.
The bibliography is given by Krones, Handhuch der Gesch. Oeslerreichs (5 vols., Berlin. 1880-81), passim, and in Zimmeb- MANN AND Werner, UrkuTid'enbuch zur Gesch, der Deutscken in Siebenbiirgen, II (3 vols., Hermannstadt, 1892-1902), 536-43. Most important works: Bedeus von Scharberg, Die Verfassung des Grosshenogtuma Siebenbiirgen (Vienna, 1844); Schijler-Liblot, Hiebenbiirgische Rechtsgesch. (2nd ed.. 3 vol.s.. Hermannstadt. 1868) ; Urkuridenbuch z. Gesch. Siebenbiirgens, ed. Teutsch and Firn- haber (Vienna, 1857) : Monumenta comitialia regni Transsyl-
mniie (21 vols., Budapest, 1875 ): Reissenberqer, Das
GrossfUrstentum Siebenbiirgen (Vienna, 1881) ; Hetthich, Zur Volkskunde der Siebenbiirger Sachsen (Vienna, 1885): KlRCH- HOFF, Siedlungen a. Volkskunde in Siebenbiirgen (Stuttgart, 1*95) ; Tkutbuh, Gesch. der siebenbiirgischeii Sachsen, II (Her- mannstadt, 1907); Die Oester- reichisch-ungariscbe Alonarchie in Wort u. Bild. XXIII (Vienna, 1902); PoKOLY, Gesch. der refoTviierten Kirche in Sieben- biirgen (Budapest, 1904); Kaindl, Gesch. der Deutschen in den Karpathenldndern, II
(Gotha, 1907); Sigebus, Sie- benbiirgisch-Sdchsische Kirchen- bnrgen (Hermannstadt, 1909); Forschungen zur Volkskunde der Deutschen in Siebenbiirgen (Hermannstadt, 1906); Archiv des Vereins filr siebenbiirgische Landeskunde (Hermannstadt, 1M3-51 n. 8., 1853-1910).
Joseph Lins.
Transylvania (or
Erdely), Diocese of
(Tr.wsilvaniensis), in
Kungarj', suffragan of
Kalocsa Bics. The foun-
dation of the see is at-
tributed to King St. Ste-
phen, but it was probably
established by King St.
Ladislaus, patron of Tran-
sylvania; Simon (1103-13)
liiiN riiiiKUK\i oi Si \ii.ii>ii w;],s the first l)ishop. The
Karisburi;, I r:iii,sj h iiii: i episcopal resilience is at
cent Unitarians; 2.1 Gyula-Feh(5rvar (Alba Julia) in Als6-Feher. The
