YOUGHAL
736
YOUVILLE
Roman Missal. Some account of "the newly found York Grad-
ual " 13 given by Fbehe in Jour, of Theol. Stud.. II, 575-86 (1901).
Compare further the introductions to the three volumes of
Maskell, Monumenta Ritualia (Oxford, 1882), and the notes
to Simmons, Lay Folks Mass Book, in Early Eng. Text Society
(London, 1S7S).
Herbert Thurston.
Youghal, Wardenship of, in the Diocese of Cloyne, was founded by Thomas, Eighth Earl of Desmond, the charter being dated 27 Dec, 1464, and was confirmed by the Holy See. It was endowed with a large number of rectories and vicarages in the Diocese of Cloyne, and also had four vicarages in Ardfert. By the terms of the foundation, the warden- ship consisted of a warden, eight fellows, and eight singing-men (vicars choral), and the endowment was about £600 per annum. Three years later the noble founder was hanged by the Viceroy of Ireland (15 Feb., 146S), and a stormy period ensued on account of the Wars of the Roses, in which the Earls of Des- mond were involved. The ninth earl was murdered by his own servants on 7 Dec, 1487. Two years later the Bishop of Cloyne resigned ; and his successor, Blessed Thady MacCarthy (beatified in 1895), died in exile as a confessor at Ivrea (24 Oct., 1492). The last Catholic warden was Thomas Allen (1533), after whom came the schismatic Roger Skiddy, who had various preferments under Edward VI, and was appointed Dean of Limerick and Bishop of Cork by Queen Elizabeth in 1562. He is described as "War- den of Youghal" in 15G7. Sixty years later all the endowments were acquired by the notorious Earl of Cork, and in 1639 the rectory was united to the war- denship. A Catholic succession of wardens was main- tained as late as 1709, when Father Richard Harnet held the position, which was then merely titular. The warden's house is now the picturesque residence of Sir Henry A. Blake, and is more generally known as "Sir Walter Raleigh's House".
Smith, History of Cork (Dublin, 1759); Haymantj, Handbook for Youghal (new ed., Youghal, 1896).
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
Young Men's Institute, The, a Catholic fraternal organization, founded on 4 ^larch, 1883, at San Fran- cisco, California. The six founders were: John J. McDade, first grand president and subsequently the first supreme president; James F. Smith, ex-grand president, now member of the Commerce Court at Washington, D. C; Edward I. Sheehan; William T. Ryan; WilUam H. Gagan; and George R. Maxwell. After many preliminary meetings and much delibera- tion, a constitution was formed and adopted and officers were elected.
The Young Men's Institute is the only beneficial and fraternal organization originating in the West which has become a national organization. Its objects and purposes are: "Mutual aid and benevo- lence, the moral, social, and intellectual improvement of its members, and the proper development of senti- ments of devotion to the Cathohc Church and loyalty to our country, in accordance with its motto,'Pro Deo, Pro Palria' " (Constitution of Supreme Council). The Supreme Council has all authority essential to the exercise of supreme legislative and appellate jiower, and is vested with supreme authority over the several Grand Council Jurisdictions (five in number), having a uniformity of general laws, but without interfering with the local conditions peculiar to the separate jur- isdictions. The Subordinate Councils stand in the same general relations to the different Grand Council Jurisdictions that the several counties stand to the respective states in which they are located. The Detached Covmcils are under the direct supervision and control of the Supreme Council, because they are not as yet able to sustain a Grand Council Jurisdic- tion. Membership is divided into three cla.sses: (1) beneficiary, those who desire to participate in sick and funeral benefits and who arc between the
ages of eighteen and forty-five years; (2) active, those
who do not desire to participate in either sick or fu-
neral benefits; (3) honorary members, who may be of
any age. No person is ehgible to membership, or can
remain a member, unless he is a practical Catholic.
The organization has spread through the United
States, British Columbia, Canada, the North-west
Territory, the Hawaiian and the Philippine Islands,
and at present has a membership of 20,000; it is
strongest in Cahfornia. Archbishop Patrick W.
Riordan has never failed to encourage the organiza-
tion, and in public, as in private, has been unstinted
in his praise and commendation. In addition, the
organization has received the approbation of Popes
Leo XIII and Pius X, as well as the approval of the
Apostolic Delegates to the United States, the Hier-
archy in the United States, Canada, British Columbia,
the Hawaiian and the Philippine Islands.
F. J. KlERCE.
George A. Stanley.
Youville, Marie-M.^rguerite d', nee Dufrost de Lajemmerais, foundress of the Gray Nuns, or Sisters of Charity, b. at Varennes, near lilontreal, 15 Oct., 1701, of Christophe-D. de L. and Renee de Varennes, the sister of Lavdrendrye, discoverer of the Rocky Mountains; d 23 Dec, 1771. After studying two years with the Ursuhnes at Quebec, she shared, at the age of twelve, in tin housework of hi i wido%ved mothei She married (1722) M.d'Youville,\\ho treated her with indifference, and eight years later left her a widow W'ith three children and a heavy debt. She was forced to carry on a small trade in order to meet her obliga- tions. The only Venerable Marie-Marguerite two of her sons d'Yoctville
who reached manhood became priests. Out of her own poverty, she helped the needy. Mother d'Youville conceived an ardent devotion to the Eternal Father, which was to be the kej-note of her life. Providence destined her to rescue from debt and ruin the hospital, founded (1694) by M. Char- ron, and hitherto managed by a brotherhood bearing his name. This undertaking which was to be the cradle and groundwork of a new religious institute, the Grey Nuns, or Sisters of Charity, was destined to flourish under the wise and zealous direction of Mother d'Youville. When, in 1747, the General Hospital was entrusted to her, she had already, with a few companions hving under a provisional rule, begun practising the spiritual and corporal works of mercy. She opened the hospital to disabled soldiers, the aged of either sex, the insane, the incurable, foundlings, and orphans. When, to save the General Hospital of Quebec, the intendant Bigot, with Bishop Pontbriand's assent, decided to transfer to the former institution the property of the Montreal Hospital, Mother d'Youville submitted. The intervention of the Sulpician superior, Cousturier, maintained her rights. In 1755, Mgr. Pontbriand confirmed the rule of the institute drawn up bv Father Norniant. Mother d'Youville assumed the entire debt, 49,000 livres, and to meet the expense of restoring, rebuilding, and harbouring numerous inmates, increased by the
