ZONARAS
764
ZOSIMUS
He died in battle on the disastrous field of Cecora,
borne down by Turkish hordes, abandoned by his own
troops, but fighting like a hero to the very last. He
was a great patriot, a faithful servant of the nation
and of a weak king who hated him, an ardent Catho-
lic, and one who did much to promote the union of
the Ruthenian Church. The memoirs of his expedi-
tion to Moscow, wTitten by himself, are extant, a
masterpiece of modesty and sincerity, as invaluable
for the history of those times as Caesar's "Commen-
taries" are for his own. In them we find the sadness
of a man whose life has been one long disappointment,
striving unsuccessfully and almost alone to hold back
the nation that he loves, and that is still mighty, from
its impending fall and destruction.
Orgelbr.\nd, EncyctoptEdia, s. v. Zdlkiewski (Warsaw) ; TARNOwaKi, HisioryaliteratuTy Polskiej, II (Cracow, 1903); Het- man Zolkiewski (Warsaw, 1852).
S. Tarnow.ski.
Zonaras, John, Byzantine chronicler and canon- ist, lived from the latter part of the eleventh to about the middle of the twelfth century. Under Emperor Alexins Comnenus he was commander of the imperial body-guard and first secretary of the imperial chan- cerv. Later he became a monk at Hagia Glykeria (one of the Princes' Islands now known xs Niandro). Here he wrote his com- pendium of his- tor\ : ETTtTo^^ tCiv IcTopiCiv, superior m form and con- tents to most other Byzantine chroni- cles, and exten- sively used during the Middle Ages. It is a chronicle of the world from its creation to the accession of John Comnenus in 11 IS, and is of especial value for its e.\- cerpts from the lost books of Dio Cassius. It was edited by Finder and Buttner-Wobst (3 vols., Bonn, 1841-97) and by Lindorf (6 vols., Leipzig, 1868-75). Another important work of his is a commentary on the canons of the Apostles, and of various oriental synods, and on the canonical letters of the Fathers of the third and four centuries. A complete edition of his works is found in P. G., CXXIV-CXXV and CXXXVII- CXXXVIII.
Krtjmbacher, Qesch. der byzantin. Literatur (Munich, 1897), 370-6; Heinemann, Quirstiones Zonarect (Dresden. 1895); BoisSEViN, Patzig, and Prachter in Byzant. Zeitschrift (Leip- zig, 1895-7).
Michael Ott.
Zoque Indians, a Mexican tribe of low culture dwelling in the western part of Chipas, north of the Sierra Madre, and part of Tabasco and Oaxaca. Tlieir capital was called Ohrahnay, in Mexican Tcc- prinlliniQTihe " place of the palaces". In general they are co.ar.se featured and of low intelligence; they are, how('v<'r, brave, and those living at Tuxtla, Gutti6rez, and Tapinpil:i|)a in Chiapas are athletic. They in- dulse lip;ivily in intoxicants, and were addicted to can- nibalism when I lie Sjianianls first met them. Most of the Zoque are now ("liristianized, but they retain not a few of llieir traditional bclirfs and customs. Their langiiage is akin to that of lhi> Mixe (q. v.), with whom they fortii (lie Zo(|U<'aii linguistic stock. The ZoqiKV Mixe f:iniily iiuiiibers about .')0,0()0, of whom about half are Zoque, engaged chiefly in cultivating maize
Pourtraits,
and tobacco and in growing oranges (see Mixe
Indi.^ns).
Grasserie, LaTigue zoiiue (Paris, 1898) ; SAnchez, Grammdtica de la lengwa Zoque (Mexico, 1877).
A. A. MacErlean.
Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism. See Avesta, The; Parsis.
Zosimus, Saint, Pope (417-18), year of buth unknown; d. 27 December, 418. After the death of Pope Innocent I on 12 March, 417, Zosimus was elected his successor. According to the " Liber Pontif- icalis" Zosimus was a Greek and his father's name was Abram. Harnack (Sitzungsberichte der Ber- liner Akademie, 1904, 1050) wished to deduce from this name that the family was of Jewish origin, but the statements of the "Liber PontificaUs" in respect to the famiUes of the popes of this period cannot always be regarded as exact (Duchesne, "Histoire ancienne de I'eghse", III, 228, note). Nothing is known of the life of Zosimus before his elevation to the papal see. His consecration as Bishop of Rome took place on 18 March, 417. The festival was at- tended by Patroclus, Bishop of Aries, who had been raised to that see in place of Bishop Hero, who had been forcibly and unjustly removed by the im- perial general Constantine. Patroclus gained the confidence of the new pope at once; as early as 22 March he received a papal letter which conferred upon him the rights of a metropolitan over all the bishops of the Galhc provinces of Viennensis and Narbonensis I and II. In addition he was made a kind of papal vicar for the whole of Gaul, no Gallic ecclesias- tic being permitted to journey to Rome without bring- ing with him a certificate of identity from Patroclus. In the year 400 Aries had been substituted for Trier as the residence of the chief govern- ment official of the civil Diocese of Gaul, the "Pre- fectus Praetorio Galliarum". Patroclus, who en- joyed the support of the commander Constantine, used this opportunity to procure for himself the posi- tion of supremacy above mentioned, by winning over Zosimus to his ideas. The bishops of Vienne, Nar- bonne, and Marseilles regarded this elevation of the See of Aries as an infringement of their rights, and raised objections which occasioned several letters from Zosimus. Thedispute, however, was not settled until the pontificate of Pope Leo I (seeAix). Not long after the election of Zosimus the Pelagian Ccclestius, who had been condemned by the preceding pope, Inno- cent I, came to Rome to justify himself before the new pope, having been ex-pelled from Constantinople. In the summer of 417 Zosimus held a meeting of the Roman clergy in the BasiUca of St. Clement before which Cailestius appeared. The propositions drawn up by the Deacon Paulinus of Milan, on account of which Coelestius had been condemned at Carthage in 411, were laid before him. Ca:'lestius refused to condemn these propositions, at the same time a< dar- ing in general that he accepted the doctrine expounded in the letters of Pope Innocent and making a confes- sion of fait h which was approved. The pope was won overby the shrewdly calculated conduct of Ccrlestiusm, and said that it wa.s not certain whether the heretic had really maintained the false doctrine rejected by Innocent, and that therefore he considered the action of the African bishops against Ca'lestius too hasty. He wrote at once in this sen.se to the bishops of the African jirovince, and called upon those who had any- thing to bring against Ca'lestius to ajipear at Rome within two months. Soon after this Zosimus received from Pelagius also an artfully expressed confession of faith, together with a new treatise by the heretic on free will. The pope held a new synod of the Roman clergy, before which both tliese writings were read. The skilfully chosen exiiressions of Pelagius concealed the heretical contents; the assembly held the state-
