EOCHOWSKI
686
EOHLMANN
"Sobotka" (description of certuin old Polish cus-
toms). He is believed to have married about 1574.
After Henry of Valois's flight from Poland, Kochan-
owski WTOte two short Latin poems: the ode, "In
Conventu Stesicensi", and " Gallo Crocitanti", the
latter being a reply to an attack on Poland by the
French poet, Philip Desportes. King Bathori was
Koehanowski's hero, and most of his verses hence-
forth are full of political allusions to his reign. His
" Odprawaposlow " (The Envoys Dismissed), dra-
matic in form, urged the noliles to fight Russia. In
1579 his "Psalter" was complete, written in a most
beautiful style, and in 15S0 appeared his last and
best work, the "Treny" (Lamentations), after his
little daughter's death. Kochanowski is the first
true poet of Ms nation in point of time, and first, too,
in excellence until Mickiewicz. The representative
of the Polish chivalry and civilization of his periotl,
for his fellow-countrymen he is truly great, having
created poetry and made it a gift to his nation —
which none but the greatest could do. In religion,
though influenced by Protestantism and the human-
istic trend, he never ceased to be a Catholic, even
when attacking the morals of priests and popes. He
distinctly declares that disunion in religion would
imperil the country, and bade innovators "go to
Trent".
Gacki, O Rodzinie Jan Kochanowski Cof the family of J. K.) (Warsaw, 1869)- Phzyborowski. Zycie J. K. (life of J. K.) (Warsaw, 1857); AIehring, Zyciorys J. K. (sketch of J. K.'s life) (Warsaw, 1900); Pleenkiewicz, Lije of J. K. in comi)lete edition of works, IV (Warsaw, 1897); Lowe.n'feld, Lnteinische Dichiungen des j. K. (Warsaw, 1897); Tarnowski, Jan Koch- anowski (Krakow, 1885).
S. Taknowski.
Eochowski, Vespasian, b. at Sandomir ?, 1633; d. at Krakow, 1(599. He received his education at the Jesuit College, .Sandomir, served in the army, and then spent the rest of his life on his estate. Sobieski valued him so highly as an historian that he took him on his famous expedition to Vienna, the literary result of which was the " Commentarius de bello adversus Tur- cas ". This and his other Latin chronicles are the best of his time and country. The collection of his short poems, entitled " Busy Idleness ", contains many beautiful verses, and many more that are curious: the subjects range from religion to very coarse fun. There are also love poems, pleasing in their simplicity and nobility of sentiment; there are beautiful lamenta- tions on his brother's death; and there are satirical poems fuU of wit and humour. Of all later poets he reminds us most of Kochanowski, though the resem- blance is but distant. But he is far more than Koch- anowski a writer of what may be called historical poetry, and his pieces in this style are perhaps the finest he has written. From the death of Wladislaw IV till the election of Sobieski, every event of note is celebrated by a separate poem. What strikes one most is the religiously patriotic tone of his poetry. His " Psalmody", a work of great and genial original- ity, is distinguished by this tone. Some psalms are merely pious; but in others his prayer falls into a de- scription of the war with the Turks, and mingles there- with such outbursts of gratitude to C!od for victory, that one comes to feel personally more attached to this poet than to others more famous than he was. The Biblical form adapted to secular things constitutes a point of resemblance between Kochowski's poetry and the creations of several modern poets (Mickie- wicz's "Book of the Pilgrimage"; Slowacki's "An- helli"). "Vienna saved by the Act of God" has fine passages and even a certain epic talent, but is marred by want of artistic finish, proportion, and harmony. The same may be said of "The Stone of Testimony", a poem written to defend Lubomirski. His purely re- ligious poems, "('hrist Suffering" and the "Virgin's Garden are distinctly inferior.
CzUDEK, Life of Vc.sp. z. Kochowa Kochowski in Transactions
of the Krakow Acad, of Sciences, philolog. dept., XXXII; Tar-
nowski, V. Kochowski na tie wspdtczesnem (Kochowski from a
contemporary standpoint) (Lemberg, 1908).
S. Taknowski.
Ebgler, Ignaz (called Lai in Chinese), with Father Adam Schall (q. v.) the most important of the fifty German Jesuits who between 1650 and 1750 worked in the old Chinese missions, b. 11 May, 16S0, at Landsberg in Bavaria; d. at Peking, 30 March, 1746. He entered the Society of Jesus on 4 Oct., 1696, and taught mathematics and Hebrew from 1712 to 1714 in the University of Ingolstadt [cf. Mederer, "Annal. acad. Ingolstadt.", Ill, 130 sq.; Romstock, "Die Jesuitennullen Prantl's" (Eichstatt, 1S98), 178-84], and went to China in 1715. On account of his ex- traordinary and wide learning he enjoyed great con- sideration at the imperial court, and held the office of president of the mathematical astronomical tribunal for thirty years. He was a mandarin of the second class, and was even from 1731 a member of the su- preme court of equity (Li-pu), a position which had never before been held by a foreigner (" Welt-Bott ", No. 676). In accepting these positions, however, he refused the stipends attached to them. P'ather Au- gust von Hallerstein, his co-operator and successor, considers him " one of the most cultivated minds that ever came into these countries" (ibid.. No. 587). Kog- ler carried on a brisk scientific correspondence with a number of European scholars, such as Eusebius Amort and T. S. Bayer, the Orientalist, sending to the last- named many valuable contributions for his " Museum Sinicum" (St. Petersburg, 1730) (cf. "Miscellanea Berolinensia", 1737, pp. 185, 189 sqq.; Gottfr. von Murr, "Journal", VII, 240 sqq.; IX, 81 sq.; " Neues Journal", I, 147 sqq.; II, 303, sqq.). He was twice visitor of the mission, and provincial of the Chinese and Japanese province, and, during the persecution which began under Emperor Yung Cheng, he was the main support of the suffering mission, which, through his influence at court, he so cleverly antl Ijravely pro- tected, and which so deeply deplored his death.
Manuscript Letters in the Vienna State Archives, Geistl. An- gelegenheiten, No. 419, IV; Correspondence with Amort and numerous other letters, part in the Munich State Library, MSS. lat., t. I, p. 1, no. 1396-1407; part in Reichs-Archiv, Jesuilica in genere, NN. 278-81. Printed letters in Welt-Botl, nn. 157, 162. 190, 196, 198. 202, 228, 575, 578, 669; Lipowsky, Geschichte der Jesuifen in Bayern (.\Iunich, 1816), App. nn. 3 and 4; VON Laimbeckhoven, Reise-Beschreibung (Vienna, 1740), 47. The catalogue of Kogler's astronomical, mathe- matical, and historical writings is given in Sommervogel, BibL des ecrivains de la c. de J, For biographical information consult Platzweg, Lebensbilder der deuischen Jesuiten (Pader- bom, 1882), 272; von Richthofen, China, I (Berlin, 1877), 688; T^ett-So/^ passim; H\30NliY.n, Deutsche Jesuitenmissiondre des 17. u. 18. Jahrh. (Freiburg im Br., 1899), 189.
A. HUONDER.
Eohlmann, Anthony, educator and missionary, b. 13 July, 1771, at Kaiserberg, Alsace; d. at Rome, 11 April, 1836. He is to be ranked among the lights of the restored Society of Jesus, and among its most distinguished members in America, where he spent nearly a quarter of a century of his laborious life. At an early age he was compelled by the troubles of the French Revolution to go to live in Switzerland, where at the college of Fribourg he completed his theological studies and was ordained priest. Soon after, in 1796, he joined the Congregation of the Fathers of the Sacred Heart. With them he laboured zealously for two years in Austria and Italy as a mili- tary chaplain. From Italy he was sent to Dillingen in Bavaria, as director of an ecclesiastical seminary, then to Berlin, and next to Amsterdam to direct a college established by the Fathers of the Faith of Jesus, with whom the Congregation of the Sacred Heart had united (11 April, 1799). The Society of .Jesus in Rvissia having been recognized (1801) by Pope Pius VII, Father Kolilmaiui joined it and en- tered the novitiate at Dvmebourg on 21 June, 1803. A year later, in response to a call for additional
