KRAMER
697
KRAMER
and Karinthia; the remaining portion of Krain was
attached to Aquileia, later on to Goritza and Trieste.
At the redistribution of dioceses (1787 to 1791) not all
the parishes in Krain were included in the Diocese of
Ljubljana, but this was accomplished in 1833, by
taking two deaneries from the Diocese of Trieste, one
from Goritza, and one parish from the Diocese of
Lavant, so as to include all the territory within the
political boundaries of the crownland. The diocese is
divided into 5 archdeaconries, comprising 22 dean-
eries, two chapters with 17 canons, 296 parishes, 1336
churches, 204 chapels, 722 priests, 572,613 Catholics
of the Latin Rite, and 360 of the Oriental Rite. The
following congregations of men have houses in Krain:
Cistercian Franciscans 4, Capuchins 2, Brothers of
Charity 1, Jesuits 1, Congregation of Missions 1, priests
of the German Order l,Salesians2. Congregations of
Women: Ursulines 3 convents, Carmelites 1, Sisters
of Charity 12 houses, including two schools. Krain
has a diocesan seminary and one resident college for
boj's. The patron of the duchy is St. Joseph, and
the patrons of the diocese, St. Hermagora and St.
Fortunatus, Martyrs.
Education. — The school system was founded by state law of 14 May, 1869, and of 2 May, 1883. There are 386 schools, of which 327 are public. Attendance is compulsory, from the age of seven to fourteen. There are two training schools for teachers: one for males, one for females, connected with the school of agriculture. There are 7 colleges, in which both Slo- venian and German are taught. The first college was founded in 1418 by a parish priest. There is a high school for girls. The industrial schools have commer- cial courses, besides teaching wood carving, trades, domestic economy, horse-shoeing; instruction is also given in singing and on the pipe organ. The Mu- seum Rudolfinum has a famous library. The inspec- tion of the schools is under a school-board. The par- ish priests have the right of visiting the scliools or of appointing substitutes. The schools are supported from national, regional, and local taxes. The provin- cial school-board is the highest school authority for all the schools, except those subject directly to the min- ister of instruction and worship. It consists of twelve members, of whom two are priests. There is a Uterary society, the "Matica Sloveuska", one Catholic daily paper, and a few monthly magazines.
Slovenes in Die United Stales. — There are in the United States about 100,000 Slovenes organized into two great benevolent associations on religious prin- ciples. They possess the following churches: St. Joseph's, Joliet, 111.; St. Stephen's, Chicago, 111.; St. Mary's, West AUis, Wisconsin; St. Joseph's, Calumet, Michigan; St. Joseph's, Leadville, Col.; St. Mary's, Pueblo, Col.; St. Lawrence's, St. Vitus's, St. Mary's, Cleveland, Ohio; St. Mary's, Steelton, Pa.; St. Mary's, Pittsburg, Pa.; St. Joseph's, Forest City, Pa.; Holy Family, Kansas City, Kansas. Joliet has one parish school, and one Cathohc weekly paper. The saintly bishop, Frederic Baraga, author of the first grammar of the Indian language, Bishops Ignatius Mrak, and .John Vertin, Slovenes, were pioneers in apostolic work in upper Michigan, as well as Bishops James Trobec and John Stariha, who are still Uving.
Civil Hixtorij. — Before the coming of the Romans (c. 200 B. c.) the Taurisci dwelt in the north of Krain, the Pannones in the south-east, the lapodes or Carni, a Celtic tribe, in the south-west. Under Roman rule, the northern part was joined to Noricum, the south-western and south-eastern parts and the city of ^mona to Ven- ice and Istria. In the time of Augustus all the region from iEmona to Culpa belonged to the pro\'ince of Savia. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476), Krain was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy, and (493) under Theodoric it formed part of the Osti-ogothic kingdom. Between the upper Save and the Sotcha lived the Carni, and towards the end of
the sixth century tlie Slovenes jieoploil that region
called by Latin writers Carnia, or Carniola, i. e. part of
greater Carnia. Later on with the coming of the Slo-
venian language, the name was changed to " Krajino ",
or in German " Chrainmarcha ", Chreine, "the boun-
dary". The new inhabitants were subjected to the
Avars, but threw off their yoke, and joined the great
Slavic state of Samo. Krain was governed by the
Franks about the year 788. When Charlemagne es-
tablished the province of Friuli he added to it a part
of Krain. After the division of Friuli, Krain became
an independent province, having its own Slovenian
margrave residing at Kranj, subject to tlie governor
of Bavaria at first, and after 876 to the Dukes of Kar-
inthia. Hemy TV gave it to the Patriarch of Aquileia
(1071).
In the Middle Ages the Church held much property in Ivrain; thus in Upper and Lower Krain, the Bishop of Friesing became (974) a feudal lord of the city of Skofja Loka, the Bishop of Brixen held Bled and pos- sessions in the valley of Bohinj, and the Bishop of La- vant got Mokronog. Among secular potentates the Dukes of Meran, Goritza, Babenberg, and Zilli held possessions given to them in fief by the patriarchs of Aquileia. The dukes governed the province nearly half a century, and finally Krain was given in fief with the consent of the patriarch to Frederick II, of Austria, who obtained the title of duke, 124.5. Frederick was succeeded by Ulrich III, Duke of Karinthia. who mar- ried a relative of the patriarch, and endowed the churches and monasteries, established the govern- ment mint at the city of Kostanjevica, and finally (1268) willed to Otokar II, King of Bohemia, all his possessions and the government of Karinthia and Car- niola. Otokar was defeated by Rudolf II of Hapsburg, and at the meeting at Augsburg, 1282, he gave in fief to his sons Albrecht and Rudolf the province of ICrain, but it was leased to Count Majnhardt. Duke Henry of Karinthia claimed Krain; and the Dukes of Austria asserted their claim as successors to the Bo- hemian kingdom. Henry died 1335, Jan, King of Bohemia, renounced his claims, and Albrecht, Duke of Austria, got Krain; it was proclaimed a duchy by Ru- dolf IV, in 1364. Frederick IV united L^pper, Lower, and Central Krain as Metlika and Pivka into one duchy. The union of the dismembered parts was completed bv 1607. The French occupied Krain in 1797, and from 1805 to 1806. After the Treaty of Vienna, 1809, Napoleon erected lUyria, with Ljubl- jana as its capital, and Ivrain formed a part of the new territory from 1809 to 1813. The defeat of Napoleon restored Ivrain to Francis I, with larger boundaries, but at the extinction of the IlljTian kingdom, Ivrain was confined to the hmits outlined at the Congress of Vienna, 1815.
O'GoRMAN, Church History (New York, 1900) : Ofsterreichisch- ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, Kcernten und Krain (Vienna. 1891); Valvasor. Die Ehre des Herzogthums Krain (Ljubljana, 1689): Erbe.n. Vojvodstm Kranixht (Liuliliana, 1866); Gruden, Cerkvene razmere u XV. ■ . 1. il. liana,
1908); RuTAR, Beneika Slovenija (Ljvil.l . ; '• i hin- ZEN, Vojvodina Kranjska (Ljubljana, 1901 Jj'pis
(Ljubljana. 1907); Pouanec, Kratka ;-/<■ nxkega
naroda (Ljubljana, 1908).
M. D. IvB.MPOTl5.
Kramer, John (also called Institor, the Latin form of his surname), b. about the end of the four- teenth century, he must have died between 1437 and 1440, as a manuscript of the Carthusian monastery of Menimingen speaks of a gift made to it by Kriimer in 1437, and the general chapter of the Carthusian Order held in 1440 mentions liis death.
Having entered the charterhouse of Buxheim, in the Diocese of Augsburg, Bavaria (whence he is some- times called John of Buxheim), he there led the hfe of a pious and obedient religious. There, also, he wrote sundry works, including two treatises published by D. Pez in his " Bibliotheca ascetica". The first of these
